Sapphire, the recognized birthstone for September, has been a gem treasured for millennia. While most commonly known for its captivating blue shades, sapphire encompasses a spectrum of colors, all stemming from the mineral corundum. This gem has long been associated with royalty, faithfulness, and the nobility of spirit, holding a significant place in history, lore, and modern jewelry. This article will delve into the history, geological origins, gemological properties, symbolism, and care of this remarkable gemstone.
History and Lore
The history of sapphire stretches back thousands of years. Ancient civilizations, including those of Greece and Rome, held blue sapphires in high regard, believing they offered protection from harm and envy. Within ancient Greece, the word “sappheiros,” from which the gem derives its name, was used to describe the stone. During the Middle Ages, sapphire held a sacred place within the Christian church, with clergy wearing the gem as a symbol of Heaven. Ancient Persians even held the belief that the earth rested upon a giant sapphire, responsible for the blue color of the sky.
Beyond its association with the divine, sapphire was also believed to possess healing properties. Medieval Europeans attributed the ability to cure plague boils and eye diseases to the September birthstone, and it was even considered an antidote to poison. This belief in its medicinal power underscores the high esteem in which the gem was held throughout history.
More recently, notable sapphires have captured public attention. The Rockefeller Sapphire, a 62.02-carat rectangular step-cut stone originating from Myanmar (Burma), is a prime example. Acquired by John D. Rockefeller, Jr. in 1934, it has been re-mounted over the years, first as a brooch and later as a ring. Perhaps the most famous sapphire today is the 12-carat blue gem set within the engagement ring originally worn by Princess Diana and now worn by Kate Middleton, Duchess of Cambridge.
Geological Formation and Sources
Sapphire is a variety of the mineral corundum, an aluminum oxide (Al₂O₃). The inherent color of corundum is colorless; the vibrant hues seen in sapphires arise from trace elements within the crystal structure. Iron, titanium, and chromium are among the elements responsible for the diverse range of sapphire colors. Notably, the red variety of corundum is known as ruby, and is considered a separate birthstone for July.
Historically significant sources of sapphire include Kashmir, Myanmar (Burma), and Sri Lanka. However, substantial quantities have also been found in Australia, Thailand, Cambodia, Madagascar, and even the United States, specifically in Montana. These diverse locations demonstrate the gem’s widespread geological occurrence.
Gemological Properties
Sapphire boasts exceptional gemological properties that contribute to its desirability. It registers a 9 on the Mohs hardness scale, second only to diamond, making it exceptionally durable and suitable for everyday wear. This hardness also explains its resistance to scratching and abrasion.
While blue is the most recognized color, sapphires occur in a wide spectrum, including orange, yellow, green, pink, violet, and even black. Some sapphires exhibit a phenomenon known as color-change, altering their hue depending on the light source.
Here's a summary of key gemological properties:
| Property | Details |
|---|---|
| Mineral | Corundum (Al₂O₃) |
| Hardness | 9 on the Mohs scale |
| Classic Color | Deep “royal” blue |
| Other Hues | Pink, yellow, green, violet, black, color-change |
| Major Sources | Sri Lanka, Madagascar, Myanmar, Thailand, Australia, Montana (USA) |
Symbolism and Metaphysical Beliefs
Throughout history, sapphire has been imbued with rich symbolism. Traditionally, the September birthstone represents sincerity, truth, faithfulness, and nobility. These associations have cemented its place as a gem of significance in various cultures. The stone was believed to protect loved ones from harm and, in medieval times, symbolized Heaven for Christian clergy.
Some modern sources suggest that sapphire can instill wisdom, purity, and faith, though these beliefs are not universally accepted within formal gemology. The stone is also associated with harmony, good health, and restful sleep.
Care and Cleaning
Due to its exceptional hardness, sapphire is a relatively durable gemstone. However, proper care is essential to maintain its brilliance. Sapphires can be safely cleaned using warm, soapy water and a soft brush. Avoid harsh chemicals or abrasive cleaners, as these could potentially damage the stone’s surface. Ultrasonic cleaners are generally safe for untreated sapphires, but caution should be exercised with stones that have been fracture-filled or heat-treated. Regular cleaning will help preserve the sapphire’s luster and ensure it continues to sparkle for generations.
September’s Alternative Birthstone
While sapphire is the primary birthstone for September, it is important to note that some traditions recognize alternative stones. Spinel has recently been recognized as a modern option for those born in August, and historically, sardonyx was considered the traditional August birthstone. However, sapphire remains the most widely accepted and celebrated gem for September birthdays.
Conclusion
Sapphire stands as a testament to the enduring allure of gemstones. From its ancient origins steeped in mythology and symbolism to its modern-day presence in iconic jewelry, this September birthstone continues to captivate and inspire. Its exceptional durability, diverse color palette, and rich history make it a treasured gem for both collectors and those seeking a meaningful piece of jewelry. Whether admired for its beauty, its historical significance, or its purported metaphysical properties, sapphire remains a truly remarkable and enduring gemstone.