Aquamarine, a gemstone evoking the colors of the ocean, holds a prominent place as the modern birthstone for March. Alongside the traditional bloodstone, aquamarine is celebrated for its beauty, historical significance, and enduring symbolism. This article delves into the fascinating world of aquamarine, exploring its history, geological origins, gemological properties, cultural associations, and practical care, drawing exclusively from available sources.
History and Lore
The name “aquamarine” itself is derived from the Latin words for seawater – aqua and marina – a testament to its captivating blue hues. Ancient mariners held this gem in high regard, believing it possessed the power to calm waves and ensure safe passage across the seas. Beyond maritime protection, aquamarine was thought to bring happiness and harmony to marriages, making it a cherished gift for newlyweds. Historical beliefs extended to its protective qualities in battle and legal disputes, with the gem believed to render the wearer unconquerable and amiable, while also quickening the intellect.
The gem’s history is marked by notable gifts and displays of grandeur. In 1936, the government of Brazil presented First Lady Eleanor Roosevelt with a remarkable aquamarine. This dark blue, rectangular step-cut gem weighed an astonishing 1,298 carats, having been faceted from a rough stone originally weighing 2.9 pounds. Today, it resides at the Franklin D. Roosevelt Presidential Library and Museum in Hyde Park, New York. Perhaps the most celebrated example of aquamarine artistry is the Dom Pedro Aquamarine, housed at the Smithsonian Institution. Believed to be the largest faceted aquamarine in the world, this approximately 14-inch-high obelisk weighs an impressive 10,363 carats and was skillfully crafted by German lapidary Berndt Munsteiner using the fantasy cut technique.
Geological Formation and Sources
Aquamarine is a variety of the mineral beryl, a beryllium aluminum silicate with the chemical formula Be3Al2(Si16O18). Beryl crystallizes in the hexagonal system and exhibits a hardness ranging from 7.5 to 8 on the Mohs scale, making it a durable gemstone suitable for jewelry. It possesses imperfect cleavage and a vitreous luster. Optically, it is uniaxial negative, and some specimens may display strong dichroism. Its refractive index typically falls between 1.57-1.58 and 1.58-1.59.
Other notable varieties of beryl include emerald (blue-green to green), goshenite (colorless), morganite (pink to violet), and golden beryl (heliodor). A rare red beryl is also found in Utah. Aquamarine forms in pegmatite deposits, which are coarse-grained igneous rocks. These deposits can be found in both primary (hard rock) and secondary (weathered) formations.
Brazil, specifically the state of Minas Gerais, has been a significant source of aquamarine for over two centuries. The region’s landscape is diverse, ranging from rocky hills and rivers to savannahs and lush green hills. Aquamarines are found in the eastern portion of the state, near the gem center of Teófilo Otoni.
Gemological Properties
Aquamarine exhibits a range of blue and blue-green colors, from pale blues to light blues and yellowish blues, to deeper, more saturated shades. The clarity of aquamarine is often exceptional, with faceted stones frequently being free from inclusions and as clear as water. However, inclusions can occur, including mica, hematite, and liquid-filled tubes, which may contain salt water. It is important to note that overheating aquamarine with liquid inclusions can cause significant fracturing or, in rare cases, even explosion due to the expansion of the liquid.
The name aquamarine has historically been used to modify other gemstones, such as “aquamarine tourmaline” or “aquamarine emerald,” though these are not true aquamarines. Darker stones generally command higher values, but consumer preference often leans towards the lighter, clearer shades for jewelry. Aquamarine exhibits good hardness and excellent transparency and clarity, and, unlike other beryl varieties, it generally lacks cleavage or significant inclusions, contributing to its durability.
A comparison of aquamarine’s hardness to other gemstones on the Mohs scale is shown below:
| Gemstone | Mohs Hardness |
|---|---|
| Talc | 1 |
| Gypsum | 2 |
| Calcite | 3 |
| Fluorite | 4 |
| Apatite | 5 |
| Orthoclase | 6 |
| Quartz | 7 |
| Aquamarine | 7.5 - 8 |
| Topaz | 8 |
| Corundum | 9 |
| Diamond | 10 |
Symbolism and Metaphysical Beliefs
Historically, aquamarine was attributed with healing powers, particularly for the heart, liver, and stomach. In modern times, the stone is associated with youth, health, hope, and love. Its connection to the sea continues to imbue it with symbolism of tranquility, clarity, and emotional balance. As a March birthstone, aquamarine is believed to offer protection and well-being to those born in that month. It is also traditionally given as a gift to celebrate the 19th wedding anniversary.
Care and Cleaning
Due to its good hardness (7.5-8 on the Mohs scale), aquamarine is well-suited for everyday wear. However, like all gemstones, it requires proper care to maintain its brilliance. Aquamarine can be cleaned with warm, soapy water and a soft brush. Avoid ultrasonic cleaners and harsh chemicals, as these may damage the stone. Given the potential for liquid inclusions to expand with heat, avoid prolonged exposure to high temperatures or sudden temperature changes.
Conclusion
Aquamarine, with its captivating blue hues and rich history, stands as a cherished gemstone. From its ancient origins as a talisman for sailors to its modern status as the birthstone of March and a symbol of enduring love, aquamarine continues to enchant and inspire. Its durability, clarity, and beautiful color make it a popular choice for jewelry, while its historical and symbolic significance adds depth and meaning to its allure. The gem’s geological formation in pegmatite deposits, particularly in Brazil, ensures a continued supply of this remarkable gem for generations to come.