December is a unique month in the world of birthstones, boasting not one, but three recognized gems: turquoise, tanzanite, and zircon. Blue topaz is also considered an alternative December gemstone. These stones, each with its own distinct history, properties, and symbolism, resonate with both the adventurous spirit of Sagittarius (November 22 – December 21) and the pragmatic nature of Capricorn (December 22 – January 19). This article will delve into the fascinating world of these December birthstones, exploring their geological origins, historical significance, metaphysical properties, and practical care.
History and Lore
Turquoise holds the distinction of being one of the oldest known gemstones, with evidence of its use dating back to 7000 BCE in western Iran, where it was discovered in ancient burial sites. Its history is deeply interwoven with various cultures. Ancient China carved turquoise over 3000 years ago, while the Ancient Egyptians revered it as a holy stone, associating it with good luck, fertility, and the goddess Hathor. Egyptians fashioned turquoise into amulets and beads, believing it improved a warrior’s accuracy. In 1912, the American National Association of Jewelers officially recognized turquoise as a December birthstone.
Tanzanite, in contrast, has a relatively recent history. Discovered in the foothills of Mount Kilimanjaro in Tanzania, it gained recognition much later. The Maasai people have a legend surrounding its origin, believing it was formed when lightning struck the ground, transforming the rocks into shimmering blue gems. They traditionally gift tanzanite to new parents as a blessing for health, well-being, and prosperity. Officially added as a December birthstone by the American Gem Trade Association in 2002, tanzanite is also the stone for the 24th wedding anniversary.
Zircon’s name has debated origins, with some believing it derives from the Sanskrit word “Tapas,” meaning “fire,” while others trace it to the Greek word “Topazos,” referring to a small island in the Red Sea. Historically, zircon has been associated with wealth, wisdom, and spiritual growth.
Geological Formation and Sources
The sources for these gemstones are as diverse as their histories. Turquoise, as its name suggests, is primarily found in shades of sky-blue to greenish-blue and is formed in relatively dry, arid environments. While historically sourced from Persia (now Iran), significant deposits are also found in the United States, particularly in Arizona and New Mexico.
Tanzanite is exclusively found in a small area near the Mererani Hills of northern Tanzania. This limited geographical source contributes to its rarity and value. It forms within metamorphic rocks, created by intense heat and pressure.
Zircon occurs in a variety of colors, including blue, yellow, brown, and clear, and is found in various geological settings, including igneous, metamorphic, and sedimentary rocks. Its widespread occurrence makes it more readily available than tanzanite.
Gemological Properties
Each of these December birthstones possesses unique gemological properties. Turquoise is not a crystalline gemstone, but rather a hydrated phosphate of copper and aluminum. Its hardness ranges from 5 to 6 on the Mohs scale, making it relatively soft and susceptible to scratching.
Tanzanite, a calcium aluminum silicate, exhibits strong trichroism, meaning it displays three different colors (blue, violet, and burgundy) depending on the viewing angle. It has a hardness of 6 to 7 on the Mohs scale, requiring careful handling.
Zircon, a zirconium silicate, boasts a hardness of 6 to 7.5 on the Mohs scale, making it more durable than turquoise and tanzanite. It exhibits strong double refraction, splitting light into two rays, which can give it a fiery appearance.
The following table summarizes key gemological properties:
| Gemstone | Chemical Formula | Hardness (Mohs) | Color |
|---|---|---|---|
| Turquoise | CuAl6(PO4)4(OH)8·4H2O | 5-6 | Sky-blue to greenish-blue |
| Tanzanite | Ca2Al3(SiO4)3(OH) | 6-7 | Blue, violet, burgundy (trichroic) |
| Zircon | ZrSiO4 | 6-7.5 | Blue, yellow, brown, clear |
Symbolism and Metaphysical Beliefs
Throughout history, these gemstones have been attributed with various symbolic meanings and metaphysical properties. Turquoise is widely regarded as a stone of protection, healing, and spiritual connection. It is believed to foster communication, enhance intuition, and bring peace to the wearer.
Tanzanite is associated with transformation, spiritual growth, and creativity. It is thought to strengthen the immune system, detoxify blood, and regenerate cells. It is also linked to raising consciousness and dissolving old patterns.
Zircon is believed to promote prosperity, wisdom, and spiritual growth. It is said to ward off negativity, aid in manifesting success, and boost self-confidence.
Specifically relating to the zodiac signs, turquoise resonates with Sagittarius’ adventurous and optimistic nature, helping to balance their restless energy. For Capricorns, turquoise provides grounding and protection, complementing their pragmatic mindset. Blue zircon enhances Sagittarius’ truth-seeking tendencies, while aligning with Capricorn’s ambition. Tanzanite resonates perfectly with Sagittarius’ charismatic energy.
Care and Cleaning
Due to their varying hardness levels, these December birthstones require different levels of care. Blue topaz and zircon, with their higher hardness, are more durable and suitable for everyday wear. However, tanzanite and turquoise are softer and more delicate, requiring extra care to prevent scratches and damage.
All three stones can be cleaned with warm, soapy water and a soft cloth. Harsh chemicals and ultrasonic cleaners should be avoided, especially for turquoise and tanzanite. It is recommended to store jewelry containing these gemstones in a separate pouch or compartment to prevent scratches. Tanzanite is particularly sensitive to sudden temperature changes and should not be exposed to extreme heat or steam cleaners.
Conclusion
December’s birthstones – turquoise, tanzanite, and zircon – offer a captivating blend of history, beauty, and symbolism. From the ancient origins of turquoise to the recent discovery of tanzanite and the enduring legacy of zircon, these gems represent a diverse and enchanting collection. Whether chosen for their aesthetic appeal, their astrological significance, or their perceived metaphysical properties, these December birthstones continue to captivate and inspire. They are a testament to the enduring power and allure of the natural world, offering a connection to both the past and the present.