Sapphire, universally recognized as the September birthstone, holds a prominent place in the world of gemstones, steeped in history, lore, and enduring beauty. For centuries, this captivating gem has been associated with royalty, faith, and wisdom, adorning the jewelry of kings, clergy, and those seeking protection and divine connection. While most commonly known for its rich blue hues, sapphire actually encompasses a spectrum of colors, each with its own unique appeal. This article delves into the fascinating world of sapphire, exploring its historical significance, geological origins, gemological properties, symbolism, and practical care.
History and Lore
The history of sapphire is interwoven with tales of nobility, spirituality, and perceived magical properties. Ancient civilizations held sapphire in high regard, believing it offered protection from harm and envy. In ancient Greece, sapphire crystals were thought to safeguard wearers from various dangers, while ancient Persians believed the Earth rested upon a giant sapphire, imbuing the sky with its characteristic blue color. These early beliefs extended to the idea that sapphires could treat plagues and act as an antidote to poisons.
Throughout the Middle Ages, sapphire became a symbol of Heaven, frequently worn by Christian clergy as a representation of their faith. Medieval Europeans attributed healing powers to the stone, believing it could cure plague boils and diseases of the eye. Sapphires were also considered an effective antidote to poison during this period. Historically, sapphire jewelry, including rings, earrings, and necklaces, was favored by those seeking both beauty and perceived protection. Sapphires were even worn while visiting oracles, with the belief that the gem would increase the likelihood of receiving a true prophecy. The stone’s association with regal status continued, becoming a staple in family heirlooms and extravagant décor. More recently, sapphires have become synonymous with romantic commitments, notably featuring in the engagement ring of Princess Diana, later worn by Kate Middleton, solidifying its place in modern royal history.
Geological Formation and Sources
Sapphire belongs to the corundum family, a crystalline mineral composed of aluminum and oxygen. The presence of trace elements, specifically titanium and iron, is responsible for the characteristic blue color of most sapphires. Interestingly, the formation of sapphire requires a specific geological environment – one devoid of silicone. The absence of this common element is a key factor in the gem’s relative rarity.
Historically significant sources of sapphire include Kashmir, Myanmar (formerly Burma), and Sri Lanka. Kashmir sapphires are particularly prized for their velvety blue hue. Myanmar and Cambodia have also been important sources, with many stones ultimately ending up in Thailand for cutting and treatment. More recently, significant quantities of sapphire have been discovered in Australia, Thailand, Cambodia, Madagascar, and even the United States, specifically in Montana. Thailand serves as both a mining location and a major hub for sapphire cutting and treatment. The Rockefeller Sapphire, a 62.02-carat rectangular step-cut stone, originated in Myanmar and was acquired from an Indian maharaja in 1934.
Gemological Properties
Sapphire boasts impressive gemological properties that contribute to its durability and desirability. Ranking 9 on the Mohs scale of hardness, sapphire is exceptionally resistant to scratching, making it an ideal choice for everyday wear, particularly in rings. It also possesses excellent toughness and lacks cleavage, meaning it is unlikely to break or chip when struck.
While blue is the most recognized color, sapphires occur in a wide range of hues, including violet, purple, green, pink, yellow, grey, black, and even clear. Any corundum variety that isn’t red is classified as sapphire; red corundum is designated as ruby. “Fancy color” sapphires encompass all colors besides blue and red. The rarest and most sought-after fancy sapphire is the padparadscha, a pinkish-orange variety derived from the Sinhalese word for lotus flower. Some sapphires exhibit a unique color-changing ability, shifting between blue and purple depending on the light source.
Sapphire’s chemical formula is Al₂O₃ (aluminum oxide). Carat weight, like all gemstones, is used to measure its size, with notable examples like the Rockefeller Sapphire weighing 62.02 carats.
Symbolism and Metaphysical Beliefs
Throughout history, sapphire has been imbued with rich symbolism. Traditionally, the September birthstone represents sincerity, truth, faithfulness, and nobility. It is believed to protect loved ones from harm and facilitate communication with the divine. Ancient Hawaiians associated sapphires with the tears of the goddess Pele, brought to the surface by volcanic activity. Sapphires are also linked to wisdom, purity, and faith, making them a meaningful choice for those seeking spiritual connection. The stone is connected to both 5th and 45th wedding anniversaries, and is often featured in regal wedding engagements.
Care and Cleaning
Due to its exceptional hardness and toughness, sapphire is a relatively easy gemstone to care for. Warm, soapy water is a safe and effective method for routine cleaning. Ultrasonic and steam cleaners are generally safe for untreated, heat-treated, and lattice diffusion-treated sapphires. However, caution is advised for fracture-filled or dyed sapphires, which should only be cleaned with a damp cloth, as they can be damaged by even mild acids like lemon juice.
It’s important to note that many sapphires undergo treatment to enhance their color or clarity. Heat treatment is a common and widely accepted practice, resulting in permanent improvements. Less common treatments, such as lattice diffusion and fracture filling, require more delicate care. Before purchasing a sapphire, it is crucial to inquire about any treatments it has undergone to ensure proper cleaning and maintenance.
Conclusion
Sapphire stands as a testament to the enduring allure of gemstones, captivating humanity for millennia with its beauty, durability, and rich symbolism. From its historical association with royalty and spirituality to its modern-day popularity as a birthstone and engagement gem, sapphire continues to hold a special place in the hearts of gem enthusiasts and jewelry lovers alike. Its geological rarity, combined with its exceptional gemological properties, ensures that sapphire will remain a treasured gem for generations to come.