August boasts a trio of recognized birthstones: peridot, spinel, and sardonyx. While all three hold significance, peridot stands out as the modern and traditional August birthstone, steeped in a history often intertwined with mistaken identity and royal allure. This vibrant green gem, a variety of the mineral olivine, carries a legacy stretching back millennia, from ancient Egyptian adornments to potential inclusion in Cleopatra’s famed collection. This article will delve into the history, geological origins, gemological properties, symbolism, and care of peridot, drawing exclusively from available sources.
History and Lore
Peridot’s story is one of frequent misidentification. Throughout history, it was often confused with other green gemstones, notably emerald and topaz. The island of Topazios in the Red Sea, now known as Zabargad, was believed to be the source of “topaz” for ancient scholars, but in reality, yielded peridot. Pliny the Elder, a Roman author and naturalist, referred to this stone as “topaz,” further cementing the confusion.
The name “peridot” itself originates from the Old French word “peridot,” meaning “pardon,” reflecting a belief in the stone’s ability to ward off evil and bring good fortune. The ancient Egyptians held peridot in high esteem, referring to it as the “stone of the sun.” Archaeological evidence reveals its use in jewelry dating back to 2000 BC, sourced from the volcanic island in the Red Sea. Legend claims Cleopatra favored peridot, using it extensively in her royal jewelry, though this remains a subject of speculation.
The Shrine of the Three Holy Kings in Cologne Cathedral features approximately 200 carats of gems initially believed to be emeralds, but later identified as peridot. This demonstrates the historical difficulty in distinguishing peridot from its more valuable counterpart. Even into the 20th century, the distinction wasn’t always clear, with some historical references to topaz likely referring to peridot.
Geological Formation and Sources
Peridot is formed under extreme conditions, originating deep within the Earth’s mantle. It is brought to the surface through volcanic activity, often found in hardened lava flows. Uniquely, peridot has also been discovered in meteorites, offering a cosmic connection to this terrestrial gem.
Historically, the Red Sea island of Zabargad (formerly Topazios) was a significant source of peridot. However, this source was rediscovered in 1900 and has since been largely exhausted. Today, notable sources include the United States, particularly the American Southwest, where new discoveries have made peridot jewelry more accessible. Other sources include Myanmar (Burma), Brazil, Vietnam, Pakistan, and South Africa. The gem’s formation within volcanic rock and its presence in meteorites highlight its unique geological origins.
Gemological Properties
Peridot is a gem variety of the mineral olivine, with a chemical formula of (Mg, Fe)₂SiO₄. Its characteristic green color is attributed to the presence of iron, with the intensity of the hue dependent on the iron content – more iron results in a richer, deeper green. Peridot exhibits a range of green shades, from yellowish-green to brownish-green.
Unlike many gemstones, peridot typically occurs in only one color: green. This consistent coloration is a defining characteristic. The gem’s brilliance and clarity are also notable, though inclusions are common.
While a precise hardness rating isn’t provided in the sources, peridot is generally considered durable enough for jewelry use. The sources do not provide information on refractive index, specific gravity, or other detailed gemological data.
Symbolism and Metaphysical Beliefs
Throughout history, peridot has been associated with various symbolic meanings and metaphysical properties. The ancient Egyptians believed it possessed protective powers and considered it the “stone of the sun.” In more recent times, peridot is often linked to self-responsibility, forgiveness, and the manifestation of dreams. It is believed to aid in admitting mistakes and building self-respect, willpower, and creativity.
Some traditions associate peridot with connecting to guardian spirits, while others view it as a stone of optimism and vitality. It is also linked to aligning the body’s meridians and awakening Kundalini energy. The name “peridot,” derived from the Old French word for “pardon,” suggests a belief in its ability to dispel negativity and promote healing.
Care and Cleaning
The sources do not provide specific care instructions for peridot. However, given its composition and relative durability, gentle cleaning with warm, soapy water and a soft cloth is generally recommended. Avoid harsh chemicals, ultrasonic cleaners, and steam cleaners, as these may damage the gemstone.
August Birthstone Evolution
The designation of August birthstones has evolved over time. While peridot is now the primary modern birthstone, sardonyx historically held this position in the United States until the early 20th century. Alexandrite, ruby, sapphire, diamond, and moonstone are also listed as traditional August birthstones in some traditions. More recently, in 2016, spinel was added to the list of recognized August birthstones by the Jewelers of America and the American Gem Trade Association, expanding the options for those born in this month. This addition was an unprecedented change to the established birthstone list, reflecting a growing appreciation for this often-overlooked gem.
Conclusion
Peridot, the radiant green gem of August, boasts a rich history marked by mistaken identity and enduring symbolism. From its ancient origins in the Red Sea to its modern-day accessibility through discoveries in the American Southwest, peridot continues to captivate with its vibrant color and intriguing lore. Its association with forgiveness, self-responsibility, and protection makes it a meaningful gemstone for those born in August, or for anyone seeking to embrace its positive energies. The story of peridot is a testament to the enduring allure of gemstones and their ability to connect us to the past, the present, and the natural world.