December is a unique month in the world of gemstones, boasting not one, but four official birthstones: Blue Topaz, Turquoise, Tanzanite, and Zircon. Each gem possesses distinctive colors, histories, and symbolic meanings, making December an extraordinary month for gemstone enthusiasts. This article delves into the characteristics of each of these December birthstones, exploring their origins, properties, and cultural significance.
History and Lore
The history of December birthstones is complex, evolving over time. Prior to 1912, the Jewelers of America (JA) recognized lapis lazuli alongside turquoise as December birthstones. Before that, bloodstone and ruby were also associated with the month. Zircon and tanzanite are more recent additions, gaining prominence in the 20th century. Turquoise, however, holds the distinction of being one of the oldest known gemstones, prized for millennia across numerous cultures. Evidence of its use dates back to ancient Egypt, where it adorned the funerary mask of King Tut, and it continued to be valued in Native American jewelry.
The name “turquoise” itself originates from the French phrase “pierre turquoise,” meaning “Turkish stone,” reflecting the route through which these gems initially reached Europe. Zircon, too, has ancient roots, while tanzanite is a relatively recent discovery, first identified in Tanzania in 1967. Initially named ‘Blue Zoisite,’ it was later renamed ‘Tanzanite’ in honor of its country of origin. Blue Topaz, while topaz in general has a long history associated with strength and protection (its name derived from the Sanskrit word “tapas” meaning fire), became specifically linked to December as a modern birthstone option.
Geological Formation and Sources
The origins of these December birthstones are geographically diverse. Turquoise is formed in arid regions through a chemical reaction involving copper, aluminum, and other minerals, often found near copper deposits. Tanzanite is exceptionally rare, sourced from a small area near Mount Kilimanjaro in Tanzania, making it one of the world’s most limited gemstone sources. Zircon is found in a variety of geological settings, including igneous and metamorphic rocks, and can be sourced from locations worldwide. Blue Topaz, often created through heat treatment of colorless topaz, originates from various locations, though specific mining areas are not detailed in the provided sources.
Gemological Properties
Each December birthstone exhibits unique gemological properties. Blue Topaz stands out for its durability, registering an 8 on the Mohs hardness scale, making it suitable for everyday wear in rings and bracelets. Topaz can occur in many colors, but the blue variety is specifically associated with December. Zircon is known for its brilliance and sparkle, often mistaken for diamond, and also displays a wide range of colors. Turquoise’s color ranges from robin’s-egg blue to green-blue, and its properties vary depending on its composition. Tanzanite is notable for its trichroism, displaying blue, purple, or burgundy hues depending on the viewing angle.
The following table summarizes key properties:
| Gemstone | Hardness (Mohs) | Color(s) | Notable Properties |
|---|---|---|---|
| Blue Topaz | 8 | Sky Blue to Deep London Blue | High durability, scratch resistance |
| Turquoise | Not specified | Robin’s-egg Blue to Green-Blue | Ancient gemstone, varied composition |
| Tanzanite | Not specified | Blue, Purple, Burgundy | Trichroism, rare source (Tanzania) |
| Zircon | Not specified | Wide range of colors | Brilliance, often mistaken for diamond |
Symbolism and Metaphysical Beliefs
Throughout history, these gemstones have been imbued with symbolic meaning. Blue Topaz is associated with calmness, love, and clarity. Turquoise has long been considered a stone of protection and peace, representing wisdom and spiritual growth. Tanzanite symbolizes transformation and spiritual awareness, while Zircon represents wisdom and prosperity. The blue hues prevalent in these stones are thought to impart calm and optimism, particularly relevant during the often-stressful holiday season. Historically, topaz was associated with strength and protection, while modern interpretations link Blue Topaz to love and fidelity.
Care and Cleaning
Maintaining the beauty of December birthstones requires specific care. Blue Topaz, due to its hardness, is relatively durable and can withstand daily wear. However, all gemstones benefit from gentle cleaning with warm, soapy water and a soft cloth. Avoid harsh chemicals and ultrasonic cleaners, as these can damage some stones. Turquoise, being a softer stone, requires more delicate handling. Tanzanite and Zircon should also be protected from scratches and impacts.
Why Four Birthstones?
The presence of four birthstones for December is unusual. Sources do not provide a definitive explanation for this, but it likely stems from a combination of historical tradition, evolving gemological preferences, and the desire to offer a wider range of choices to those born in December. The addition of tanzanite and zircon to the list reflects their increasing popularity and recognition within the gemological community.
Modern and Traditional Choices
While all four gemstones are officially recognized as December birthstones, some are considered more traditional or modern choices. Turquoise is often regarded as the traditional December birthstone, owing to its long history and cultural significance. Blue Topaz is a popular modern option, appreciated for its dazzling blue color and durability. Tanzanite and Zircon offer unique and increasingly sought-after alternatives.
Sources
Conclusion
December’s birthstones – Blue Topaz, Turquoise, Tanzanite, and Zircon – represent a diverse and captivating collection of gems. From the ancient origins of Turquoise to the recent discovery of Tanzanite, each stone carries a unique history and symbolism. Whether seeking a durable and dazzling gem like Blue Topaz, a stone of protection like Turquoise, a transformative gem like Tanzanite, or a brilliant gem like Zircon, those born in December have a wealth of beautiful options to choose from, each reflecting the spirit of the season and the individuality of the wearer.