Onyx, a captivating variety of chalcedony, holds a prominent place in the world of gemstones, serving as a birthstone for July, a zodiac stone for Leos, and a traditional gift for the 7th and 10th wedding anniversaries. Throughout history, this stone has been revered for its perceived protective qualities, its striking appearance, and its association with power and strength. While commonly known for its deep black hue, onyx presents a spectrum of colors, each adding to its allure. This article delves into the history, geological origins, gemological properties, symbolism, and care of this remarkable gemstone, drawing solely from available sources.
History and Lore
The history of onyx is deeply interwoven with ancient civilizations, particularly those of Egypt and Rome. In ancient times, onyx was highly prized by Egyptian pharaohs and Roman emperors as a symbol of power, prestige, and opulence. The Romans were particularly skilled in utilizing onyx, crafting intricate seals with carved patterns in negative relief, creating raised designs. These seals were often made from layered stones, with each layer individually carved to produce a unique pattern annually. Originally, the name “onyx” was applied to a variety of marble exhibiting white and yellow veins, but it soon became associated with the darker, banded chalcedony we recognize today.
The name itself originates from the Greek word onyx, meaning “claw” or “fingernail,” a reference to the layered appearance reminiscent of fingernail colors. Beyond its use in displays of wealth and authority, onyx was believed to possess supernatural powers, offering protection against negative energies and evil spirits. This belief persisted for centuries, solidifying onyx’s reputation as a “stone of protection.” Indian gemologists have traditionally recommended onyx as a protective measure for harmonious relationships, believing it could ward off disturbances and disagreements between couples.
Geological Formation and Sources
Onyx belongs to the microcrystalline quartz family, specifically chalcedony. Chalcedony is categorized alongside other microcrystalline quartz gems like carnelian, jasper, and bloodstone. The name "chalcedony" is derived from Calcedon, an ancient port city on the Sea of Marmara in Asia Minor, once a significant trading center for various stones. Ornamental materials were originally mined in this region.
Variations of onyx exist, including sardonyx, characterized by layers of white and reddish, brownish, or yellow hues. Cornelian onyx, a specific type of sardonyx, was particularly favored for carvings in ancient civilizations due to its distinct red and white layers. It is important to note that “Mexican onyx” is often a misnomer, referring to banded calcite found in limestone caves rather than true onyx. Calcite differs from quartz in its properties, possessing perfect cleavage and a lower hardness of 3 compared to onyx’s hardness of 7.
Gemological Properties
Onyx is a silica mineral with a hardness of 7 on the Mohs scale, making it relatively durable and suitable for various jewelry applications. It is a variety of chalcedony, meaning it is composed of microcrystalline quartz. While black onyx is the most well-known variety, onyx can also be found in shades of brown, red, green, and even blue. The characteristic banding patterns within onyx are a result of its formation process and contribute to the uniqueness of each stone.
The banding is a key characteristic, often displaying contrasting layers of color. This close union and strong contrast between layers, particularly in black and white varieties, have been symbolically linked to romance. The composition gives onyx its unique texture and banding patterns, making each stone one-of-a-kind.
Symbolism and Metaphysical Beliefs
Throughout history, onyx has been attributed with a wide range of symbolic meanings and metaphysical properties. It is strongly associated with protection, strength, and grounding. Beyond physical protection, onyx is believed to offer defense against negativity consciously directed towards the wearer. It has also been historically used in attempts to reduce uncontrollable impulses.
Onyx is thought to enhance focus and mental clarity, acting as a “magnifying glass” for thoughts. Some believe it promotes calmness and composure amidst chaos. Furthermore, onyx has been linked to spiritual practices, aiding in psychic contact with those who have passed, facilitating séances and mediumship, and assisting in past-life regression work. It is believed to offer understanding of the cycle of birth, death, and rebirth, reinforcing the idea that separation is an illusion and reunion will occur.
Care and Cleaning
Due to its hardness of 7 on the Mohs scale, onyx is a relatively durable gemstone. However, it is still susceptible to scratches and damage from harsh chemicals or impacts. To maintain its luster and beauty, onyx jewelry should be cleaned regularly with a soft cloth and mild soap and water. Avoid ultrasonic cleaners or harsh chemicals, as these can damage the stone. It is advisable to store onyx jewelry separately from other gemstones to prevent scratching.
Conclusion
Onyx stands as a testament to the enduring allure of gemstones, blending historical significance, captivating aesthetics, and perceived metaphysical properties. From its use by ancient rulers to its modern-day status as a birthstone and anniversary gem, onyx continues to captivate and inspire. Its association with protection, strength, and grounding, coupled with its striking appearance and variety of colors, ensures its continued popularity among gemstone enthusiasts and jewelry lovers alike. The stone’s rich history and symbolic weight solidify its place as a truly remarkable and enduring gem.