For centuries, birthstones have held a unique allure, captivating individuals with their beauty and perceived connection to the month of one’s birth. Beyond their sentimental value, certain gemstones have ascended to become highly prized collector’s items, adorning prestigious collections like those found in the Smithsonian. This article delves into the world of expensive birthstones, examining their geological origins, gemological properties, historical significance, and current market values, based on available data.
History and Lore
The association of specific gemstones with particular months has evolved over time. While modern birthstone lists are standardized, their origins lie in ancient traditions, often linked to astrological beliefs and the perceived healing properties of stones. The practice of associating gemstones with months gained prominence in the 19th and 20th centuries, solidifying their role as meaningful gifts and symbols of personal connection. The value placed on these stones has always been influenced by rarity, beauty, and demand, with certain gems consistently commanding higher prices due to their exceptional qualities.
The Hierarchy of Value
Determining the “most expensive” birthstone is complex, as price fluctuates based on quality, size, and market conditions. However, several gemstones consistently rank among the highest in value. Diamonds, rubies, and emeralds frequently lead the list, followed by sapphires and, in certain cases, exceptionally rare stones like alexandrite and tanzanite. The ranking provided by various sources indicates a clear hierarchy, though specific prices can vary significantly.
Diamond: The Apex of Value
Diamonds, the birthstone for April, consistently hold a position among the most expensive gemstones globally. Their value stems from a combination of factors, including global demand – particularly for engagement and wedding rings – and the rigorous standards used to assess their quality. The “four Cs” – carat, color, clarity, and cut – are paramount in determining a diamond’s price. Colorless diamonds, graded D through F, with internally flawless clarity and classified as Type IIa (free of nitrogen and boron impurities), are the most coveted and expensive. These high-quality diamonds can range from $3,500 to over $10,000 per carat. Beyond colorless stones, “fancy color” diamonds – red, green, purple, orange, pink, and blue – are even rarer and can command exponentially higher prices.
Ruby: A Crimson Treasure
Rubies, the birthstone for July, consistently rank among the most valuable gemstones. Their average price is estimated at $3,500,000 per kilogram, with exceptional specimens reaching $14.2 million. The value of a ruby is heavily influenced by its color, clarity, and carat weight. The finest rubies exhibit a vivid, saturated red hue, often referred to as “pigeon’s blood.” Mining conditions and limited supply also contribute to their high cost.
Emerald: The Verdant Gem
Emeralds, associated with May, are another highly prized gemstone. Their value is comparable to that of rubies, ranging from $3,000 to $7,000 per carat. The intense green color, caused by trace amounts of chromium, vanadium, and iron, is the primary determinant of an emerald’s value. Like rubies, emeralds are often found with inclusions, which can affect their clarity and price.
Sapphire: A Spectrum of Hues
Sapphires, the September birthstone, are the blue variety of the mineral corundum, rivaling ruby in hardness. Their value is directly tied to the depth and saturation of their color, with Kashmir sapphires – discovered along the India-Pakistan border – commanding a premium due to their exceptional pigmentation. “Fancy sapphires,” encompassing a range of colors beyond blue, further enhance the allure of this sought-after gem. Sapphires average around $1,750,000 per kilogram.
Alexandrite: The Color-Changing Enigma
Alexandrite, one of June’s birthstones, is arguably the most surprising entry on the list of expensive birthstones, often surpassing even diamonds in per-carat price. Its unique characteristic is its ability to change color depending on the light source – appearing bluish-green in daylight and purplish-red under incandescent light. This remarkable property, combined with its rarity, drives its price, ranging from $15,000 to $70,000 per carat. Alexandrite was first discovered in the Ural Mountains of Russia in 1830, coinciding with the birthday of Czar Alexander II, hence its name. Its red and green hues also mirrored the colors of the Russian military, solidifying its status as the national stone of Russia.
Tanzanite: A Modern Rarity
Tanzanite, the December birthstone, is a relatively recent discovery, found only in a specific region of Tanzania. Its distinctive purple hue sets it apart, though its relative softness (6-6.5 on the Mohs scale) limits its use in some jewelry applications. Natural, dark blue Tanzanite stones are particularly valuable, with prices reaching up to $3.3 million per kilogram, averaging around $1,000,000 per kilogram.
Other Notable Birthstones and Their Values
While the gemstones listed above represent the highest echelon of value, other birthstones also hold significant worth. Aquamarine (March) ranges from $800-$1000 per carat, while Peridot (August) is valued between $400-$650 per carat. Garnet (January) typically falls within the $500-$600 per carat range. More affordable options include Blue Topaz (December) at $100-$400 per carat, Tourmaline (October) at $100-$400 per carat, Amethyst (February) at $50-$90 per carat, and Citrine (November) at $10-$50 per carat.
Factors Influencing Price Fluctuations
The price of birthstones is not static; it fluctuates based on several factors. Supply and demand play a crucial role, with rarer stones commanding higher prices. Mining conditions, celebrity trends, and changes in consumer preferences can also influence market values. Stones that are difficult to find or experience a surge in demand tend to see price increases.
Investment Potential
Expensive birthstones can be considered investments, but careful consideration is essential. The value of a gemstone is influenced by its quality, rarity, and market demand. Diamonds, rubies, and emeralds are generally considered safe investments due to their consistent demand. However, market fluctuations and the need for expert appraisal should be factored into any investment decision.
A Note on Rarity
The three rarest birthstones, according to available data, are diamonds, rubies, and emeralds. These precious stones are difficult to find, contributing to their higher price points.
Conclusion
The world of birthstones is a fascinating intersection of geology, history, and cultural significance. While all birthstones possess sentimental value, certain gems stand out due to their exceptional rarity, beauty, and market worth. Diamonds, rubies, emeralds, sapphires, and alexandrite consistently rank among the most expensive, representing a pinnacle of gemstone luxury. Understanding the factors that influence their value – from geological formation to market demand – allows enthusiasts, buyers, and students of gemology to appreciate the enduring allure of these precious treasures.