For those born in August, a trio of gemstones – peridot, spinel, and sardonyx – claim the honor of birthstone. However, it is peridot that enjoys the most widespread recognition and enduring appeal. Often called the “evening emerald” due to its vibrant green hue and capacity to sparkle even in dim light, peridot possesses a unique history, fascinating geological origins, and a symbolism that has resonated across cultures for millennia. This article delves into the captivating world of peridot, exploring its formation, historical significance, gemological characteristics, and enduring allure.
History and Lore
Peridot’s history is interwoven with tales of ancient civilizations and mistaken identities. Throughout history, peridot has frequently been confused with other green gemstones, notably emerald and topaz. The island of Topazios in the Red Sea, believed to be a source of “topaz,” actually yielded significant quantities of peridot. This historical misnomer contributed to the gem’s early association with the name topaz, a confusion that persisted for centuries.
Some historians speculate that the famed emerald collection of Cleopatra may have largely consisted of peridot. The gem’s presence in ancient jewelry and artifacts suggests its high value and desirability in the ancient world. References to peridot, or a gem believed to be peridot, appear in Biblical texts, further cementing its historical significance.
The Shrine of the Three Holy Kings in Germany’s Cologne Cathedral features 200 carats of gems once thought to be emeralds, but now identified as peridot. This demonstrates the gem’s use in significant religious artifacts and its enduring presence throughout European history. Sardonyx and topaz were also referenced as Biblical birthstones, but scholars believe that the topaz referenced in historical texts was often peridot.
Geological Formation and Sources
Peridot’s formation is remarkable, occurring under extreme geological conditions. It is formed deep within the Earth’s mantle and brought to the surface through volcanic activity or, more rarely, found within meteorites. Peridot found in Pallasite Meteorites, while fascinating, is typically too small for use in jewelry. Larger, gem-quality peridot is most often sourced from the Earth’s upper mantle, carried upwards by lava flows.
While specific details regarding the primary sources of peridot are limited within the provided materials, sardonyx is known to come from India, Brazil, Uruguay, the United States, and Germany. The sources for spinel and peridot are not detailed in the provided materials.
Gemological Properties
Peridot is a gem variety of the mineral olivine, with a chemical formula of (Mg,Fe)2SiO4. Its color is primarily determined by the amount of iron present within its composition, ranging from yellowish-green to olive-green, with the most sought-after stones exhibiting a vibrant lime-green hue.
While a detailed analysis of peridot’s gemological properties is limited in the provided sources, it is noted that peridot is a semi-precious stone. Spinel, an alternative August birthstone, is harder than peridot, scoring an 8 out of 10 on the Mohs hardness scale. This suggests peridot has a lower hardness rating, making it more susceptible to scratches and abrasion.
Symbolism and Metaphysical Beliefs
Throughout history, peridot has been attributed with various symbolic meanings and metaphysical properties. The sources do not detail specific metaphysical beliefs, but its association with sunlight and its vibrant green color have historically linked it to notions of prosperity, good fortune, and protection.
The fact that peridot has been found in meteorites adds to its mystique and perceived power, suggesting a connection to the cosmos. The gem’s historical use in religious artifacts and royal jewelry further reinforces its association with status, power, and spiritual significance.
Care and Cleaning
Due to its relatively lower hardness compared to other gemstones, peridot requires careful handling and cleaning. The provided sources do not offer specific care instructions, but based on its gemological properties, it is advisable to avoid harsh chemicals, ultrasonic cleaners, and abrasive materials. Gentle cleaning with warm, soapy water and a soft cloth is recommended to maintain its luster and prevent damage.
The August Birthstone Trio: Spinel and Sardonyx
While peridot is the most popular August birthstone, spinel and sardonyx also hold significance. Spinel, a more recent addition to the August birthstone list, is available in a wide range of colors, including red, pink, blue, white, and black. Sardonyx, a variety of onyx, is characterized by its reddish-brown color and white banding. These two stones offer alternative options for those seeking a unique and meaningful birthstone.
Sardonyx has a long history, dating back over 4,000 years, and was one of the gems featured in the high priest’s breastplate. Peridot, with its crystal-like appearance, contrasts with the more stone-like texture of sardonyx. Spinel, being harder than peridot, offers greater durability for everyday wear.
Peridot in Modern Jewelry
Peridot remains a popular choice for jewelry, valued for its distinctive color and affordability. It is frequently used in rings, earrings, pendants, and bracelets, often set in gold or silver to complement its green hue. Peridot is also a traditional gift for 16th wedding anniversaries, symbolizing enduring love and happiness.
Conclusion
Peridot, the captivating August birthstone, boasts a rich history, unique geological origins, and a vibrant green color that has captivated civilizations for centuries. From its ancient association with Cleopatra to its modern-day appeal in jewelry, peridot continues to enchant and inspire. While spinel and sardonyx offer alternative choices for August-born individuals, peridot’s enduring allure and symbolic significance solidify its position as a treasured gemstone. Its formation in the depths of the Earth and even within meteorites adds to its mystique, making it a truly remarkable and special gem.