Sapphire, the captivating birthstone for September, has been revered for millennia for its rich color, exceptional durability, and symbolic significance. While most readily recognized in its classic blue hue, sapphire encompasses a rainbow of colors, with blue varieties being the most well-known and highly prized. This gemstone has long been associated with royalty, wisdom, and fidelity, making it a cherished choice for jewelry, particularly engagement rings and heirloom pieces. Its enduring appeal stems not only from its aesthetic qualities but also from a fascinating history interwoven with lore, religious beliefs, and modern romance.
History and Lore
The name “sapphire” originates from the Greek word ‘sappheiros,’ and the gem’s history stretches back to ancient civilizations. During the Middle Ages, sapphire held a particularly esteemed position, symbolizing heaven and attracting divine favor and wise judgment. Ancient Hebrews held a belief, later found to be inaccurate by historians, that the Ten Commandments were inscribed on tablets of sapphire, though evidence suggests lapis lazuli was the actual blue gemstone referenced in biblical texts.
Throughout history, sapphire has been a favorite among royalty and the clergy. Blue sapphires were worn by Christian clergy as symbols of heaven, reflecting the stone’s celestial association. This association with nobility continued into more recent times, most notably with Prince Charles’s presentation of a 12-carat blue sapphire engagement ring to Lady Diana in 1981, a ring later given by Prince William to Kate Middleton in 2010, cementing the sapphire’s place in modern royal history. Sapphires are often associated with loyalty and dignity, further solidifying their connection to regal status.
Geological Formation and Sources
Sapphires are a variety of the mineral corundum, an aluminum oxide crystal. The presence of trace elements, such as iron and titanium, creates the characteristic blue color. Interestingly, corundum only becomes ruby when colored red by chromium. Sapphires are found in only a few locations worldwide, with Kashmir, Burma (Myanmar), and Sri Lanka being the most historically significant and renowned sources of fine blue sapphires. Additional mining locations include Cambodia, Thailand, Vietnam, and India.
Gemological Properties
Sapphires are exceptionally durable gemstones, registering a 9 on the Mohs Scale of Hardness, making them suitable for everyday wear and ideal for engagement rings. This high hardness means they are resistant to scratching, ensuring their brilliance remains intact over time. Like rubies, sapphires are corundum gems, occurring in a full spectrum of colors except red. When corundum presents as red, it is classified as ruby. Sapphires are marketed according to their color – yellow sapphire, purple sapphire, and so on – but the term “sapphire” alone typically refers to the blue variety.
The most valuable sapphires exhibit a mid-tone blue color with a concentrated hue that remains consistent under all lighting conditions. Sapphires can also exhibit a phenomenon called asterism, displaying a six-rayed star when cut as a cabochon. Some sapphires, known as Water Sapphires or Iolite, display shifting shades of violet-blue and are a more affordable alternative to traditional sapphires.
The following table summarizes key gemological properties:
| Property | Description |
|---|---|
| Mineral | Corundum (Aluminum Oxide) |
| Hardness (Mohs) | 9 |
| Color | Blue (most common), but occurs in all colors except red |
| Luster | Vitreous (glass-like) |
| Crystal System | Trigonal |
| Refractive Index | 1.762 - 1.778 |
Symbolism and Metaphysical Beliefs
Throughout history, sapphires have been imbued with various symbolic meanings. They are considered protective gemstones, believed to shield the wearer from both physical harm and negative intentions. Traditionally, sapphires were thought to protect loved ones from harm. Beyond protection, sapphires are also associated with wisdom, purity, and faith. Some believe sapphires possess medicinal properties, though this is not supported by scientific evidence. Iolite, a variety of sapphire, is considered a stone of vision, aiding in journeys of the mind and spirit.
Care and Cleaning
Due to their exceptional hardness, sapphires are relatively easy to care for. They can be cleaned using warm, soapy water and a soft brush. Avoid ultrasonic cleaners and harsh chemicals, as these may damage the stone. Regular cleaning will help maintain the sapphire’s brilliance and luster. Given their durability, sapphires are an excellent choice for jewelry intended for daily wear.
Conclusion
Sapphire stands as a testament to enduring beauty and timeless elegance. From its ancient origins steeped in mythology and royalty to its modern-day popularity as a symbol of love and commitment, this September birthstone continues to captivate and inspire. Its exceptional durability, combined with its rich history and symbolic significance, ensures that sapphire will remain a cherished gemstone for generations to come. The variety of colors available, coupled with its inherent brilliance, makes sapphire a versatile and desirable gem for any jewelry collection.