The practice of associating gemstones with specific months, known as birthstones, boasts a rich and evolving history. While today we readily identify a gemstone for each month of the year, the standardization of this tradition is a relatively recent development, solidified in the early 20th century. Prior to this, a multitude of customs and beliefs influenced which stones were linked to particular birth months, varying across cultures and even within regions. This article will explore the historical origins of birthstones, the evolution of the modern list, and the significance of these captivating gems.
History and Lore
The origins of birthstone associations can be traced back to ancient civilizations. While not precisely the same as the modern system, early connections between gemstones and astrological signs, or the months in which they were believed to exert their strongest influence, existed in ancient Greece and Rome. These early associations were often linked to the zodiac, with each sign possessing a corresponding stone believed to imbue the wearer with specific qualities.
The historical record indicates that the practice of wearing gemstones for their purported benefits predates the formalization of birthstone lists. Ancient cultures attributed various powers to gemstones, believing they could heal ailments, protect against negative energies, and bring good fortune. These beliefs contributed to the growing popularity of wearing gemstones, and eventually, to the association of specific stones with particular months.
Traditional birthstone lists differed significantly from the modern standardized list. For example, the traditional birthstone for August was sardonyx, while the modern list includes peridot and spinel. Similarly, December traditionally featured turquoise or lapis lazuli, while the modern list includes blue zircon, blue topaz, and tanzanite. These variations highlight the fluidity of the tradition over time.
Modern Standardization
The lack of a unified birthstone list persisted for centuries. It wasn't until 1912 that the National Association of Jewelers in America convened to standardize the list of American birthstones. This effort aimed to consolidate various evolving customs and, crucially, to ensure the availability of stones for jewelers to sell and promote. The resulting list combined existing traditions while prioritizing practicality for the jewelry industry.
This initial list underwent further refinement in 1952 by the Jewelry Industry Council of America. Several stones were added, including alexandrite for June, citrine for November, pink tourmaline for October, and zircon for December. More recently, in 2002, tanzanite was added as a December birthstone, and in 2016, spinel was officially recognized as an August birthstone. These additions demonstrate the ongoing evolution of the birthstone list, even after standardization.
The existence of both a “modern” and a “traditional” birthstone list allows individuals to choose the stones that resonate most with them. Some prefer the historical significance of the traditional list, while others favor the wider variety and availability offered by the modern list. Alternative birthstones based on astrological signs, guardian angels, seasons, and birth hours further expand the options available.
August’s Birthstones: Sardonyx, Spinel, and Peridot
August is unique in having three recognized birthstones: sardonyx, spinel, and peridot. Each possesses a distinct history, geological origin, and set of attributed properties.
Sardonyx is a variety of chalcedony, a microcrystalline form of quartz, characterized by its banded layers of red-brown sard and white onyx. Historically, it was the sole birthstone for August and was valued for its perceived ability to bring courage, strength, and protection. Ancient civilizations utilized sardonyx for wax seals and as a talisman against negative energy. It registers a hardness of 6.5 on the Mohs scale.
Spinel, once mistaken for ruby and sapphire, was only distinguished as a separate mineral in the late 19th century. It occurs in a remarkable range of colors, making it a versatile gemstone. Highly valued for its brilliance and durability, spinel scores between 7.5 and 8 on the Mohs scale. Red and pink spinels, resembling ruby, are particularly prized as more affordable alternatives. Spinel is believed to enhance vitality, promote positive energy, and foster a sense of peace. It is found in Sri Lanka, Tanzania, and Myanmar, among other locations.
Peridot, the other August birthstone, is a vibrant green gemstone formed deep within the Earth’s mantle. A variety of olivine, it ranks 6.5-7 on the Mohs scale. Historically, peridot was believed to ward off evil spirits and protect against nightmares. Some historians suggest that Cleopatra’s favorite gemstone, often referred to as emerald, may have actually been peridot. It is associated with promoting positivity, happiness, and confidence. Peridot is found in Egypt, Myanmar, and the United States.
May’s Birthstones: Emerald and Agate
May boasts two beautiful birthstones: emerald and agate. Emerald, renowned for its striking green hue, is one of the four precious gemstones alongside diamond, ruby, and sapphire. It is a type of beryl with a hardness of 7.5-8 on the Mohs scale. Emeralds form deep within the Earth and are commonly sourced from Colombia, Brazil, and Zambia. Ancient cultures believed emeralds brought good luck, enhanced creativity, and soothed the soul. Cleopatra was also believed to have favored emeralds. They are thought to promote balance, harmony, and abundance.
Agate, a unique and versatile gemstone, scores 6.5-7 on the Mohs scale. It is formed from layers of chalcedony, a mineral in the quartz family, and appears in various shades of gray, white, and brown. Agate has been used in jewelry and decorative items for millennia and remains popular today. It is believed to promote inner stability, strength, and balance, enhance mental clarity, improve focus, and increase self-confidence. Agate is widely available in countries such as Brazil, India, and the United States.
December’s Birthstone: Tanzanite, Zircon, and Turquoise
December offers a trio of birthstones: tanzanite, zircon, and turquoise. Tanzanite is a relatively recent discovery, first identified in Tanzania in the 1960s. It is a variety of zoisite, known for its distinctive blue-violet color, ranging from pale lavender to deep purple. Tanzanite is exceptionally rare, found almost exclusively in the Mererani Hills of northern Tanzania. Due to its limited supply and high demand, it is considered one of the world’s most precious gemstones. Tanzanite is believed to promote wisdom, insight, and spiritual enlightenment and ranks 6-7 on the Mohs scale.
The Significance of Birthstones
The enduring popularity of birthstones stems from their blend of historical lore, aesthetic appeal, and personal significance. Wearing a birthstone is often seen as a way to connect with one’s birth month, embrace its associated qualities, and receive its purported benefits. Birthstones also make for thoughtful and personalized gifts, particularly for family members, allowing for the creation of custom jewelry that represents the unique bonds within a family. The tradition continues to thrive, offering a captivating glimpse into the intersection of geology, history, and human belief.
Conclusion
From ancient astrological associations to the modern standardized list, the history of birthstones is a testament to humanity’s enduring fascination with gemstones. The standardization efforts of the early 20th century provided a framework for the tradition, while the ongoing additions and the existence of traditional alternatives demonstrate its continued evolution. Whether chosen for their aesthetic beauty, historical significance, or perceived metaphysical properties, birthstones remain a cherished part of jewelry and personal expression.