Turquoise has held a significant place in human history and culture for millennia, revered for its captivating color and believed metaphysical properties. As the birthstone for December, it continues to be a cherished gemstone, deeply intertwined with the traditions of Native American cultures and appreciated globally for its beauty and unique origins. This article will explore the history, geological sources, gemological characteristics, symbolism, and cultural significance of turquoise, drawing upon available knowledge of this fascinating gem.
History and Lore
The history of turquoise is extensive, stretching back thousands of years. Evidence suggests its use dates back to ancient Egypt, where it adorned the funerary mask of King Tut, demonstrating its value and prestige even in antiquity. Beyond Egypt, turquoise played a crucial role in the lives of Native American peoples, particularly the Apache, Pueblo, and Hopi tribes. The Apache believed that finding turquoise involved following a rainbow to its end, and incorporating it into weaponry was thought to improve accuracy. The Pueblo people associated the gem’s color with the sky, while the Hopi believed it was created by lizards scurrying across the earth.
In European traditions, turquoise was often given as a token of love and remembrance, symbolizing “forget me not.” Its significance extended to Tibet, where it was considered a national treasure, believed to grant health, good fortune, and protection from evil, as well as imparting peace to the wearer. The gem is also associated with the 11th wedding anniversary.
Geological Formation and Sources
Turquoise is not formed in igneous or metamorphic rocks, but rather in arid regions where copper-rich groundwater interacts with aluminum and phosphate-bearing rocks. This process occurs near the surface, often in the presence of volcanic activity.
Historically, and continuing today, Iran’s Nishapur district has been a prominent source of high-quality turquoise, mined for over 1,000 years. The most prized material from this region is characterized by an even, intense blue hue, often referred to as “robin’s egg blue,” “sky blue,” or “Persian blue.” These terms are now used by trade professionals to describe turquoise of this color, regardless of its origin.
In the United States, turquoise is mined in several states, with significant deposits found in the Southwest. Notably, White Buffalo Stone, though often mistakenly called “White Turquoise,” is mined in Tonopah, Nevada, by the Otteson family. It differs chemically from turquoise, lacking the copper content that gives traditional turquoise its blue color.
Gemological Properties
Turquoise is a hydrated phosphate of copper and aluminum, with a chemical formula that includes copper aluminium phosphate. Its color ranges from sky blue to greenish-blue, and can be influenced by the presence of iron, which shifts the color towards green. The most valuable turquoise exhibits a pure, rich blue or violet hue.
While the provided sources do not detail specific hardness or refractive index values, turquoise is generally considered a relatively soft gemstone, requiring careful handling and protection.
Symbolism and Metaphysical Beliefs
Throughout history, turquoise has been imbued with symbolic meaning. For Native American cultures, it represented a connection to the spiritual world, offering protection and healing. The Apache believed it aided in accuracy when attached to bows or firearms. Tibetan traditions associate the gem with health, good fortune, and protection from negative energies. More broadly, it is considered a stone of peace and tranquility.
According to Native American birth totems, turquoise is associated with the Otter, representing people born between January 20th and February 18th. Individuals connected to the Otter totem are believed to be intuitive, creative, and adaptable.
Care and Cleaning
Due to its relative softness, turquoise requires careful handling. The sources do not provide specific cleaning instructions, but given its composition and hardness, it is advisable to avoid harsh chemicals, ultrasonic cleaners, and abrasive materials. Gentle cleaning with a soft cloth and mild soapy water is recommended. Protecting turquoise from impacts and prolonged exposure to sunlight is also important to preserve its color and integrity.
Native American Jewelry and Cultural Significance
Native American Jewelry showcases the artistry and cultural significance of turquoise. Southwestern tribes, including the Zuni, Navajo, and Hopi, frequently incorporate turquoise into their designs, often alongside materials like coral, spiny oyster shell, and silver. Pen shell heishi, often used as spacers, complements turquoise in these creations. The art form reflects a deep connection to nature and a reverence for the gemstone’s spiritual properties.
Recent examples of this cultural connection include the story of Naiomi Glasses, a Navajo woman who gained internet fame for her skateboarding videos, hoping to inspire others and advocate for a skate park on the reservation. This highlights the continued vitality of Native American culture and the importance of preserving traditional arts and practices.
Other Notable Gemstones
While this article focuses on turquoise, several other gemstones are mentioned in the provided sources. Peridot, a green variety of olivine, is the birthstone for August and was used in jewelry by Egyptian pharaohs. Tanzanite, a relatively recent discovery from Tanzania, is a vibrant blue-violet gem gaining popularity. Variscite, often confused with turquoise, is a greener phosphate mineral. Verdite, found only in South Africa, is a striking stone with varying shades of green and brown. White Buffalo Stone, mined in Nevada, is a white stone with black and brown inclusions, distinct from traditional turquoise. Wild Horse, a mixture of magnesite and hematite, is found near Globe, Arizona. Zebra Stone, a banded stone, is also noted. These gemstones, while distinct from turquoise, each possess unique characteristics and cultural significance.
Conclusion
Turquoise remains a captivating gemstone, steeped in history, symbolism, and cultural significance. From its ancient origins in Egypt to its revered status among Native American tribes, turquoise has consistently been valued for its beauty, perceived protective qualities, and connection to the natural world. As a December birthstone and a cherished material in jewelry making, turquoise continues to inspire and enchant, embodying a rich legacy that spans millennia.