December is unique among months in possessing not one, but four recognized birthstones: turquoise, Tanzanite, zircon, and blue topaz. Each of these gemstones presents a distinct shade of blue, mirroring the cool tones of the winter season, and carries a rich history and associated symbolism. While turquoise holds the longest tradition as a December birthstone, zircon and blue topaz were added in the mid-20th century to provide options for those seeking sparkle, and Tanzanite was officially recognized in 2002. This variety allows individuals born in December to select a gem that resonates with their personal style and preferences.
History and Lore
The history of December birthstones is a story of evolving traditions. Turquoise boasts the most ancient lineage, having been cherished for millennia. Its name originates from the French phrase “pierre tourques,” meaning “Turkish stone,” reflecting its passage to Europe through Turkish traders. Ancient Egyptians revered turquoise, mining it in the Sinai desert for use in scarab amulets and adorning rulers with its captivating blue-green hues. In the American Southwest, Navajo silversmiths considered turquoise “stone fallen from the sky,” believing it offered protection from the gods of thunder.
Ruby was also historically associated with December in ancient times, believed to sharpen the mind, improve concentration, and inspire courtly love. Lapis Lazuli held the position of a December birthstone prior to the 1950s, valued by ancient royalty and artists as a stone of self-mastery and protection. Chrysoprase, the old Russian birthstone for December, was thought to bring good fortune and heal broken hearts. Onyx, the Tibetan birthstone for the month, offered self-mastery and protective energy, while Bloodstone was a traditional choice, symbolizing courage and vitality.
More recently, zircon was added as a December birthstone in the mid-20th century, and Tanzanite gained official recognition in 2002, discovered in Tanzania in 1967. Blue topaz joined the list in 2016, offering an affordable and durable alternative. The Gemological Institute of America now recognizes all four gemstones as official December birthstones.
Geological Formation and Sources
The origins of these December birthstones are geographically diverse. Turquoise forms in relatively dry, arid regions, often in the vicinity of copper deposits. Significant sources include the American Southwest, particularly Arizona and New Mexico, as well as Iran and the Sinai Peninsula.
Tanzanite is exclusively found in the Merelani Hills of northern Tanzania, a relatively small mining area that contributes to its rarity. Blue topaz is often sourced from Brazil, Nigeria, and Australia, frequently undergoing irradiation to enhance its blue color. Zircon is found in a variety of locations, including Sri Lanka, Cambodia, and Australia, occurring in metamorphic and igneous rocks.
Gemological Properties
Each of the December birthstones possesses unique gemological properties. Turquoise is an opaque gemstone, typically ranging in color from sky blue to greenish-blue, depending on the presence of copper and iron. It’s relatively soft, with a Mohs hardness of 5-6, making it susceptible to scratching.
Tanzanite, a variety of the mineral zoisite, exhibits a striking pleochroism, displaying different colors depending on the viewing angle – typically blue, violet, and burgundy. Its hardness is between 6.5 and 7 on the Mohs scale.
Zircon, a silicate mineral, comes in a variety of colors, but blue zircon is most commonly associated with December. It has a hardness of 6.5-7.5 on the Mohs scale and a high refractive index, contributing to its brilliance.
Blue topaz, a variety of the mineral topaz, is known for its icy blue clarity. It boasts a hardness of 8 on the Mohs scale, making it a durable gemstone. Topaz can be irradiated to enhance its blue color, a common practice in the industry.
The following table summarizes key gemological properties:
| Gemstone | Chemical Formula | Hardness (Mohs) | Color(s) | Transparency |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Turquoise | CuAl6(PO4)4(OH)8·4H2O | 5-6 | Sky blue to greenish-blue | Opaque |
| Tanzanite | Ca2Al3(SiO4)3(OH) | 6.5-7 | Blue, violet, burgundy | Transparent |
| Zircon | ZrSiO4 | 6.5-7.5 | Blue, golden, red, clear | Transparent |
| Blue Topaz | Al2SiO4(OH,F)2 | 8 | Icy blue | Transparent |
Symbolism and Metaphysical Beliefs
Throughout history, each of these gemstones has been attributed with specific meanings and powers. Turquoise is widely regarded as a protective stone, believed to ward off negative energy and bring good fortune. It is also associated with wisdom and calming nerves, making it a talisman for travelers.
Tanzanite is considered a soothing and protective stone, facilitating the sharing of spiritual information with calmness and clarity. Blue topaz is believed to stimulate self-esteem and enhance learning abilities, aligning meridians and promoting emotional balance. Zircon, particularly blue zircon, is thought to encourage joy and emotional equilibrium.
Turquoise is particularly beneficial for those ruled by Jupiter, Pisces, and Sagittarius, protecting their energy during risky endeavors. It is believed to calm nerves and aid in navigation through life’s challenges.
Care and Cleaning
Proper care is essential to maintain the beauty of December birthstones. Due to its relative softness, turquoise is susceptible to scratching and should be protected from harsh impacts. Cleaning can be done with a soft cloth and mild soapy water. Tanzanite, zircon, and blue topaz are more durable but should still be handled with care. These gemstones can be cleaned with warm, soapy water and a soft brush. Avoid ultrasonic cleaners and harsh chemicals, as they may damage the stones. Regular cleansing by placing the gemstones on selenite or moving them through sage smoke is also recommended to energize them. It is advisable to remove jewelry containing these gemstones daily to allow them to rest and prevent damage.
December Birthstone by Day
Interestingly, specific birthstones are associated with each day of December, offering even more personalized options:
- December 4th: Blue Topaz
- December 5th: Tanzanite
- December 6th: Turquoise
- December 7th: Blue Zircon
- December 8th: Blue Topaz
- December 9th: Tanzanite
- December 10th: Turquoise
- December 11th: Blue Zircon
- December 12th: Blue Topaz
- December 13th: Tanzanite
- December 14th: Turquoise
- December 15th: Blue Zircon
- December 16th: Blue Topaz
- December 17th: Tanzanite
- December 18th: Turquoise
- December 19th: Blue Zircon
- December 20th: Blue Topaz
- December 21st: Tanzanite
- December 22nd: Turquoise
- December 23rd: Blue Zircon
- December 24th: Blue Topaz
- December 25th: Tanzanite
- December 26th: Turquoise
- December 27th: Blue Zircon
- December 28th: Blue Topaz
- December 29th: Tanzanite
- December 30th: Turquoise
- December 31st: Blue Zircon
Conclusion
The December birthstones – turquoise, Tanzanite, zircon, and blue topaz – represent a diverse and captivating collection of gemstones. From the ancient traditions surrounding turquoise to the more recent recognition of Tanzanite, each stone carries a unique history, symbolism, and gemological profile. The breadth of options available to those born in December allows for a deeply personal connection to their birthstone, reflecting their individual style and beliefs. These gemstones continue to be cherished for their beauty, durability, and the enduring lore that surrounds them.