December is unique among the calendar months, boasting not one, but five recognized birthstones: zircon, blue topaz, tanzanite, lapis lazuli, and turquoise. This abundance offers a diverse range of choices in color, price, and personal meaning, catering to individual preferences and historical connections. While zircon and turquoise have long been considered the primary gems for December, representing the chill of winter with their blue hues, the inclusion of topaz, tanzanite, and lapis lazuli provides a broader spectrum of options for those born in this month. These stones are not merely beautiful adornments; they are imbued with history, symbolism, and cultural significance.
History and Lore
The tradition of associating gemstones with specific months dates back to ancient times, with roots in medieval practices. These colored gems were believed to be blessed, offering benefits to those who wore them in rings, pendants, and other jewelry. Turquoise, in particular, possesses a remarkably long history of use, considered the world’s oldest gem material. Archaeological discoveries in western Iran reveal turquoise artifacts dating back to 7000 BCE, found in ancient burial sites. Ancient civilizations, including the Egyptians and Chinese, highly valued turquoise for its aesthetic qualities and perceived spiritual properties. Egyptians associated it with the goddess Hathor and fashioned it into amulets and beads, believing it brought good luck, fertility, and improved a warrior’s accuracy. Ancient China carved turquoise as early as 3000 years ago.
Zircon also boasts a significant historical presence, being one of the oldest minerals on Earth. Its brilliance and range of colors have been appreciated for centuries. Turquoise held a special place in Tibetan culture, considered a national treasure believed to grant health, good fortune, and protection from evil. In European tradition, gifting a turquoise ring symbolized a promise of remembrance – a “forget me not” sentiment.
Tanzanite is the newest addition to the December birthstone family, discovered in Tanzania near Mount Kilimanjaro in 1967. Its relatively recent discovery contrasts sharply with the millennia-long history of turquoise and zircon. Blue topaz, while a well-known and popular gem, doesn’t have the same depth of ancient lore as some of its December counterparts.
Geological Formation and Sources
Turquoise originates from relatively shallow deposits, forming through a chemical reaction involving copper, aluminum, and hydrated phosphate minerals. Historically, Iran’s Nishapur district has been a prized source of turquoise for over 1,000 years, producing an intensely blue variety often referred to as “robin’s egg blue,” “sky blue,” or “Persian blue.” Today, significant turquoise production also comes from Arizona and Nevada in the United States, with mines like Dry Creek, Easter Blue, Emerald Valley, and Fox yielding notable specimens. The Kingman mine in Arizona and the now-closed Sleeping Beauty mine were historically important sources.
Zircon forms in igneous rocks and metamorphic rocks, often as a byproduct of other mineral formations. Its widespread geological occurrence contributes to its availability in various locations globally.
Tanzanite is exceptionally rare, found in only one area near Mount Kilimanjaro in Tanzania, making it a uniquely localized gemstone. This limited source contributes to its high value and desirability.
Blue topaz is commonly found in igneous rocks and is sourced from various locations, including Brazil, Nigeria, and Russia.
Gemological Properties
The December birthstones exhibit a diverse range of gemological properties. Here's a comparative overview:
| Gemstone | Chemical Formula | Color(s) | Hardness (Mohs) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Turquoise | CuAl6(PO4)4(OH)8·4H2O | Blue to Green | 5-6 |
| Blue Zircon | ZrSiO4 | Blue, Golden, Red | 6.5-7.5 |
| Blue Topaz | Al2SiO4(OH,F)2 | Blue | 8 |
| Tanzanite | Ca2Al3(SiO4)3(OH) | Blue to Violet | 6-7 |
Turquoise, with a Mohs hardness of 5-6, is relatively soft and requires careful handling to avoid scratches. Its color ranges from blue to green, influenced by the presence of copper and iron. Zircon exhibits a high degree of brilliance and fire, displaying a rainbow of colors, though blue is a popular choice for December. Its hardness ranges from 6.5 to 7.5 on the Mohs scale. Blue topaz, with a hardness of 8, is a durable gemstone known for its icy blue clarity and calming energy. Tanzanite, ranging from 6-7 on the Mohs scale, is prized for its unique blue to violet color, a result of its trichroism – displaying different colors when viewed from different angles.
Symbolism and Metaphysical Beliefs
Throughout history, each of these gemstones has been attributed with specific meanings and powers. Turquoise is often associated with protection, healing, and good fortune. It is believed to impart peace to the wearer. Zircon is celebrated for its brilliance and is thought to promote wisdom, prosperity, and honor. Blue topaz symbolizes loyalty, intellect, and communication. Tanzanite is believed to stimulate intuition, enhance psychic abilities, and promote transformation.
The association of these stones with December likely stems from their colors, which evoke the cool, crisp tones of the winter season. The variety of options allows individuals born in December to choose a gemstone that resonates with their personal beliefs and aspirations.
Care and Cleaning
Proper care is essential to maintain the beauty and vibrancy of December birthstones. Due to its relative softness, turquoise requires gentle handling and should be protected from scratches and harsh chemicals. Cleaning can be done with a soft cloth and mild soapy water. Zircon, topaz, and tanzanite are more durable but should still be protected from impacts and extreme temperature changes. These gemstones can be cleaned with warm, soapy water and a soft brush. Avoid ultrasonic cleaners and harsh chemicals, as they can damage the stones. Regular cleaning will help preserve their brilliance and luster.
December Birthstone by Day
Interestingly, a more granular assignment of birthstones exists for each day within December. According to one source, the birthstone assignment rotates through Blue Topaz, Tanzanite, Turquoise, and Blue Zircon throughout the month.
| Date Range | Birthstone |
|---|---|
| December 1-7 | Blue Zircon |
| December 8-14 | Blue Topaz |
| December 15-21 | Tanzanite |
| December 22-31 | Turquoise |
This daily assignment offers an even more personalized connection to the December birthstone tradition.
Conclusion
December’s birthstones—zircon, blue topaz, tanzanite, lapis lazuli, and turquoise—offer a rich mix of history and symbolism, making each unique for those born in this month. These stones are more than just beautiful; they reflect the wearer's personality and bring a variety of cultural significances. When choosing between these gemstones, December’s stones stand out with their vibrant colors and deep cultural roots, providing a distinct way to express individuality. Purchasing these gemstones requires careful research and consultation with experts to ensure quality and authenticity. Their unique traits demand thoughtful handling and care to maintain their beauty over time.