December is a month of celebration, marking the end of the calendar year with festivities and the gift-giving tradition. For those born in December, the month also holds a unique distinction in the world of gemstones: it is one of the few months with multiple birthstones. The December birthstones include tanzanite, turquoise, zircon, and blue topaz. This diversity provides a wealth of options for jewelry lovers and offers a range of colors, histories, and meanings.
Tanzanite, in particular, holds a special place as the December 24th wedding anniversary gemstone. It is also a modern addition to the December birthstone list, introduced in 2002 by the American Gem Trade Association (AGTA). This article explores the December birthstones with a focus on tanzanite, examining its geological origin, gemological properties, cultural significance, and care requirements. We also examine the other December birthstones to provide a comprehensive understanding of this month’s gemstone options.
History and Lore
Tanzanite: A Modern Marvel
Tanzanite is a relatively recent discovery in the world of gemstones, first identified in 1967 in the Merelani Hills of northern Tanzania. The gemstone is a variety of the mineral zoisite, which was discovered in 1962. Tanzanite was named in honor of its country of origin, Tanzania, and quickly gained international attention. Tiffany & Co. played a pivotal role in popularizing the gemstone, launching a major advertising campaign in 1968. The vivid colors, high clarity, and potential for large cut stones made tanzanite a sensation in the jewelry world.
The Maasai legend adds to the mystique of tanzanite. According to the Maasai tribe, the gemstone was created when a bolt of lightning struck the earth, transforming the rocks into a shimmering blue. The Maasai give tanzanite as a gift upon the birth of a baby as a symbol of health, well-being, and wealth. This cultural significance has contributed to the gemstone's enduring appeal.
Tanzanite has been associated with new beginnings, transformation, beauty, intuition, and raising consciousness. It is believed to help dissolve old patterns and habits, promoting personal growth and well-being. Historically, tanzanite was also thought to strengthen the immune system, detoxify the blood, and regenerate cells, skin, and hair.
Turquoise: A Timeless Treasure
Turquoise has a rich history that dates back to antiquity. The gemstone is one of the oldest known gemstones, with evidence of its use in jewelry and ornaments found in ancient Egypt, China, and Native American cultures. In ancient Egypt, turquoise was considered a sacred stone and was used in amulets and jewelry to provide protection and ward off evil. The ancient Egyptians also believed that turquoise brought good fortune and was a symbol of health and vitality.
In Native American cultures, particularly among the Navajo and Hopi tribes, turquoise was considered a sacred stone with powerful protective properties. It was used in jewelry and ceremonial objects and was believed to connect the earth and sky. Turquoise was also used as a symbol of trade and diplomacy among various Native American tribes.
In European tradition, turquoise rings were gifted as tokens of affection, symbolizing love and loyalty. In Tibet, turquoise is considered a national treasure and is believed to bring wisdom and spiritual insight. The gemstone's association with December reflects its enduring appeal and symbolic significance.
Blue Topaz: A Symbol of Love and Affection
Blue topaz has been associated with December for centuries, particularly in Hindu traditions. It is a symbol of love and affection and is believed to aid in improving one’s disposition and sweetness. Blue topaz is often used in jewelry and is valued for its clarity and vibrant blue color. The gemstone's association with December highlights its role in expressing affection and emotional warmth.
The name "topaz" is derived from either the Sanskrit word "Tapas," meaning "fire," or the Greek word "Topazos," which was the name of an island in the Red Sea. Blue topaz is a relatively affordable gemstone, making it a popular choice for those seeking a beautiful yet budget-friendly December birthstone.
Zircon: A Hidden Gem
Zircon is a lesser-known gemstone but is highly valued for its brilliance and beauty. It has been used in jewelry for centuries and is known for its fiery sparkle and high refractive index. Zircon is available in various colors, but the blue variety is particularly popular as a December birthstone. The gemstone's association with December provides an elegant and understated option for those who appreciate its unique qualities.
Geological Formation and Sources
Tanzanite: A Unique Origin
Tanzanite is found exclusively in the Merelani Hills of northern Tanzania, making it one of the rarest gemstones in the world. The gemstone is formed from the mineral zoisite, which undergoes a process called "trichroism," allowing it to display three different colors depending on the angle of light. Tanzanite is primarily mined from mechanized operations that extend over 100 meters (more than 300 feet) deep into the earth. The local landscape of the Merelani Hills is characterized by grass-covered hillsides, scrub brush, rocky soil, and an occasional tree. North of the mines, the snow-covered slopes of Mount Kilimanjaro provide a striking backdrop to the mining operations.
The rarity of tanzanite is due to its limited source and the specific geological conditions required for its formation. The gemstone is formed from the mineral zoisite under high-pressure and high-temperature conditions, which are only found in the Merelani Hills. This unique origin contributes to the gemstone's value and allure.
Turquoise: A Natural Wonder
Turquoise is a soft gemstone formed from the interaction of copper, aluminum, and phosphorus in arid environments. It is typically found in weathered volcanic rock and sedimentary rock in regions with low rainfall. The formation process involves rainwater or melted snow percolating through copper ore deposits, creating an acidic solution that reacts with aluminum and potassium in the rocks to precipitate turquoise into cavities.
Turquoise is primarily mined in Iran, the United States, and China. Each region produces unique variations of the gemstone, with Persian blue being particularly prized for its deep blue color. The softness of turquoise, with a Mohs scale hardness of five to six, makes it susceptible to scratches and damage. It is also porous and can be easily discolored by oils and pigments. The gemstone's vulnerability to environmental factors requires careful handling and storage.
Blue Topaz: A Natural and Enhanced Gemstone
Blue topaz is a naturally occurring gemstone, but many of the blue topaz stones available in the market are treated to enhance their color. The natural color of topaz is colorless, and the blue color is achieved through irradiation and heat treatment. This process does not alter the gemstone's structure but enhances its color, making it more desirable for jewelry.
Blue topaz is found in various parts of the world, including Brazil, Nigeria, and the United States. It is a relatively durable gemstone with a Mohs scale hardness of eight, making it suitable for everyday wear. The gemstone's affordability and durability make it a popular choice for December birthstone jewelry.
Zircon: A Durable and Dazzling Gemstone
Zircon is a naturally occurring gemstone with a high refractive index, giving it a brilliant sparkle. It is found in various parts of the world, including Cambodia, Thailand, and Australia. Zircon is available in a range of colors, but the blue variety is particularly popular as a December birthstone. The gemstone's durability, with a Mohs scale hardness of six to seven, makes it suitable for everyday wear.
Zircon is formed from zirconium silicate and is found in metamorphic and igneous rocks. The gemstone's formation process involves high-pressure and high-temperature conditions, which contribute to its durability and brilliance. Zircon's association with December provides an elegant and understated option for those who appreciate its unique qualities.
Gemological Properties
Tanzanite
Tanzanite is a rare gemstone with a unique combination of properties that make it highly desirable in the jewelry industry. It has a trichroic nature, meaning it can display three different colors when viewed from different angles. Tanzanite is typically cut to emphasize its deep blue to violet color, with the pure blue being the most valuable. The gemstone has a hardness of six to seven on the Mohs scale, making it relatively durable but still susceptible to scratches and damage.
Tanzanite is composed of the mineral zoisite, which has the chemical formula Ca₂Al₃(SiO₄)(OH)₃. The gemstone is known for its high clarity and is often found with inclusions that are considered part of its character. Tanzanite is also pleochroic, meaning it can display different colors when viewed from different angles. This property, combined with its vibrant color and high clarity, makes tanzanite a popular choice for jewelry.
Turquoise
Turquoise is a soft gemstone with a Mohs scale hardness of five to six. It is composed of copper aluminum phosphate and is typically found in arid environments. The gemstone is porous and can be easily discolored by oils and pigments. Turquoise is known for its unique blue to green hues and is often treated with stabilizing agents to enhance its durability and color.
The chemical formula for turquoise is CuAl₆(PO₄)₄(OH)₈·4H₂O. The presence of copper gives turquoise its characteristic blue color, while the presence of iron can give it a greenish tint. Turquoise is often found in weathered volcanic rock and sedimentary rock, and its formation process involves the interaction of copper, aluminum, and phosphorus in acidic solutions.
Blue Topaz
Blue topaz is a naturally occurring gemstone with a Mohs scale hardness of eight, making it highly durable and suitable for everyday wear. It is composed of the mineral topaz, which has the chemical formula Al₂SiO₄(F,OH)₂. The blue color of blue topaz is achieved through irradiation and heat treatment, which do not alter the gemstone's structure but enhance its color.
Blue topaz is known for its clarity and brilliance, making it a popular choice for jewelry. The gemstone is relatively affordable, making it an accessible option for those seeking a beautiful December birthstone. Its durability and affordability make it a practical choice for everyday wear.
Zircon
Zircon is a naturally occurring gemstone with a high refractive index, giving it a brilliant sparkle. It has a Mohs scale hardness of six to seven, making it durable enough for everyday wear. Zircon is composed of the mineral zirconium silicate, with the chemical formula ZrSiO₄. The gemstone is available in a range of colors, but the blue variety is particularly popular as a December birthstone.
Zircon is known for its high refractive index, which gives it a fiery sparkle and makes it an attractive option for jewelry. The gemstone's durability and brilliance make it a popular choice for those who appreciate its unique qualities.
Symbolism and Metaphysical Beliefs
Tanzanite
Tanzanite is associated with new beginnings, transformation, and personal growth. It is believed to enhance intuition and psychic abilities, making it a popular choice for those seeking spiritual insight. The gemstone is also associated with raising consciousness and dissolving old patterns and habits, promoting personal development and well-being.
Tanzanite is believed to have healing properties, including the ability to strengthen the immune system, detoxify the blood, and regenerate cells, skin, and hair. The gemstone is also associated with rarity, making it a symbol of exclusivity and luxury.
Turquoise
Turquoise is a symbol of health, good fortune, and protection. It is believed to bring positive energy and ward off negative influences. The gemstone is associated with ancient traditions and is considered a sacred stone in many cultures. Turquoise is also believed to promote emotional balance and spiritual insight, making it a popular choice for those seeking emotional and spiritual healing.
Blue Topaz
Blue topaz is a symbol of love and affection. It is believed to improve one’s disposition and sweetness, making it a popular choice for those seeking to express their emotions. The gemstone is also associated with emotional warmth and is believed to promote harmony and understanding in relationships.
Zircon
Zircon is a symbol of transformation and personal growth. It is believed to enhance intuition and psychic abilities, making it a popular choice for those seeking spiritual insight. The gemstone is also associated with clarity and wisdom, making it a valuable tool for those seeking to make informed decisions.
Care and Cleaning
Tanzanite
Tanzanite should be protected from sudden or extreme temperature changes, as it can be sensitive to heat. It is also recommended to avoid using steam cleaners and ultrasonic cleaners, as these can damage the gemstone. Tanzanite can be cleaned with a soft brush and warm soapy water, followed by drying with a soft cloth. The gemstone should be stored in a cool, dry place to prevent damage.
Turquoise
Turquoise is a relatively soft gemstone and should be handled with care to avoid scratches and damage. It should be protected from oils and pigments, as these can easily discolor the gemstone. Turquoise should be stored in a cool, dry place to prevent it from losing its water content, which can cause it to change color. The gemstone should be cleaned with a soft cloth and mild soap to remove dirt and debris.
Blue Topaz
Blue topaz is a durable gemstone and can be cleaned with a soft brush and warm soapy water. It is also safe to use ultrasonic and steam cleaners, as these will not damage the gemstone. Blue topaz should be stored in a cool, dry place to prevent it from becoming dull. The gemstone should be protected from scratches by storing it separately from other gemstones.
Zircon
Zircon is a durable gemstone and can be cleaned with a soft brush and warm soapy water. It is also safe to use ultrasonic and steam cleaners, as these will not damage the gemstone. Zircon should be stored in a cool, dry place to prevent it from becoming dull. The gemstone should be protected from scratches by storing it separately from other gemstones.
Conclusion
December is a month of celebration and tradition, and the December birthstones reflect this with their vibrant colors and rich histories. Tanzanite, turquoise, zircon, and blue topaz each offer unique qualities that make them cherished choices for jewelry lovers and December-born individuals alike. Tanzanite, in particular, holds a special place as the December 24th wedding anniversary gemstone and as a modern addition to the December birthstone list. The gemstone's rarity, vibrant color, and association with new beginnings and personal growth make it a symbol of exclusivity and luxury.
Turquoise, with its ancient history and symbolic significance, continues to be a beloved gemstone for its protective properties and association with health and good fortune. Blue topaz, a symbol of love and affection, offers a beautiful and affordable option for those seeking to express their emotions. Zircon, with its brilliance and durability, provides an elegant and understated choice for those who appreciate its unique qualities.
Whether you are drawn to the ancient allure of turquoise, the contemporary charm of tanzanite, the fiery brilliance of zircon, or the serene beauty of blue topaz, December's birthstones offer a world of options. Each gemstone carries its own rich history, vibrant colors, and symbolic meanings, making them perfect for gifts or personal treasures. With proper care, these stones will continue to shine for generations, inspiring jewelry collections and personal adornment with their timeless beauty.