December is a month of celebration, transformation, and renewal, marking the end of one year and the promise of the next. In gemstone lore, it is also a month uniquely distinguished by having three official birthstones: turquoise, tanzanite, and zircon, particularly the blue variety of zircon. This eclectic trio reflects the rich diversity of December’s symbolism—ranging from ancient traditions and mystical properties to modern elegance and rarity.
This article explores the historical, geological, and metaphysical significance of these three December birthstones. Drawing on authoritative sources, it delves into their origins, gemological properties, cultural symbolism, and care guidelines. Whether you're a gemstone enthusiast, a jewelry buyer, or a student of gemology, this guide offers a comprehensive look at the stones that define December’s birthstone legacy.
Introduction
December, the last month of the Gregorian calendar, is rich in both natural and cultural symbolism. It marks the Winter Solstice, the beginning of a new solar cycle, and is a time for reflection and celebration. This duality is reflected in the choice of three distinct birthstones—turquoise, tanzanite, and zircon—each with its own unique properties, history, and significance.
The concept of birthstones is ancient, with roots in biblical and historical traditions. While the earliest lists of birthstones varied widely, the modern list has evolved over time, with December’s selection changing the most. From ruby in 1870 to the inclusion of tanzanite in 2002, the December birthstone list has expanded to reflect the evolving tastes and values of society.
This article will explore the following aspects of the December birthstones:
- Historical and Cultural Significance: How each stone has been used and revered through history.
- Geological Formation and Sources: Where these gemstones are found and how they are formed.
- Gemological Properties: Their scientific characteristics such as hardness, color, and cut.
- Symbolism and Metaphysical Beliefs: What each stone represents in terms of meaning and energy.
- Care and Maintenance: How to properly care for each gemstone based on its physical properties.
By the end of this article, readers will have a thorough understanding of the December birthstones and their roles in both gemology and culture.
History and Lore
The Evolution of December Birthstones
The modern list of birthstones has undergone several revisions since the 19th century. In 1870, turquoise was designated as the primary December birthstone by Tiffany & Co. in their "Gregorian Birthstone Poems." By 1912, the National Association of Jewellers (now the Jewelers of America) confirmed turquoise as the primary December birthstone and added lapis lazuli as an alternative. In 1952, the Jewelry Industry Council of America added zircon to the list, and in 2002, the American Gem Trade Association introduced tanzanite as a new December birthstone.
This evolution reflects both the changing tastes of the jewelry industry and the increasing recognition of new gem discoveries. For example, tanzanite was only identified in the 1960s and did not enter the birthstone list until 2002. Its inclusion marked a significant shift in the December birthstone tradition, emphasizing rarity and modern appeal.
Cultural Significance
Each of these three December birthstones has a unique cultural history that contributes to its enduring appeal.
Turquoise
Turquoise is perhaps the oldest of the three and has been revered for thousands of years. Ancient civilizations such as the Egyptians, Chinese, and Native Americans valued it for its beauty and believed it to possess protective and healing properties. In ancient Egypt, turquoise was considered a sacred stone associated with the goddess Hathor, who was known as the "Lady of Turquoise." Amulets and beads made from turquoise were often placed in burial sites, symbolizing protection in the afterlife.
In Native American culture, particularly among the Navajo and Zuni tribes, turquoise is seen as a symbol of life, health, and prosperity. It is often used in traditional jewelry and is believed to bring good luck and spiritual protection.
Tanzanite
Tanzanite, by contrast, is a modern discovery. It was first identified in the Merelani Hills of Tanzania in 1967, and it was not until 1968 that Tiffany & Co. launched a major advertising campaign to promote the gemstone to the world. The company played a pivotal role in establishing tanzanite as a gem of international appeal. Named after its country of origin, tanzanite quickly became a symbol of elegance and rarity.
The Maasai people of Tanzania have their own legend about tanzanite. According to their folklore, a bolt of lightning struck the earth and turned the rocks a shimmering blue, creating the gemstone. The Maasai give tanzanite as a gift upon the birth of a child, believing it to bring health, wealth, and well-being.
Zircon
Zircon, particularly the blue variety, has been used in jewelry for centuries. Known for its high refractive index and brilliant sparkle, zircon was once mistaken for diamonds and was even called "false diamonds" by gemologists. The blue color of zircon is typically achieved through heat treatment, and the gemstone is found in a variety of colors, including red, yellow, green, and brown.
Zircon has been associated with transformation and renewal, making it a fitting birthstone for December. Its historical use in ancient civilizations and its continued popularity in modern jewelry reflect its enduring appeal.
Geological Formation and Sources
Turquoise
Turquoise is a hydrated phosphate of aluminum and copper. It is typically found in the oxidation zones of copper deposits and is formed through the weathering of minerals over long periods of time. The most famous sources of turquoise include Nevada and Arizona in the United States, as well as Iran, China, and Egypt.
Turquoise is typically opaque to semi-translucent and is known for its vibrant blue and green colors, often with veins of matrix—remnants of the host rock. These veins add to the uniqueness of each piece of turquoise, making it a highly individualized gemstone.
Tanzanite
Tanzanite is a variety of the mineral columbite-zircon, which is a type of zoisite. It is found only in the Merelani Hills of northern Tanzania, making it one of the rarest gemstones in the world. The gemstone is formed under specific geological conditions involving high pressure and temperature, which allow the mineral to develop its characteristic blue and violet hues.
The Merelani Hills are located near the equator and are characterized by rocky terrain, scrub brush, and grass-covered hillsides. The mines in this area are dug over 100 meters deep and employ thousands of workers. The gemstone’s rarity and the fact that it is found only in one location contribute to its high value.
Zircon
Zircon is a silicate mineral that occurs in a wide range of colors, including blue, red, yellow, green, and brown. The blue color of zircon is typically the result of heat treatment, which stabilizes the color and enhances its brilliance. Zircon is found in many parts of the world, including Sri Lanka, Australia, Myanmar, Vietnam, and Cambodia.
Zircon is a durable gemstone with a hardness ranging from 6 to 7.5 on the Mohs scale. It is known for its high refractive index, which gives it a brilliant sparkle similar to that of diamonds. Zircon is also notable for its ability to absorb and emit light, making it a popular choice for jewelry that requires a bright, eye-catching appearance.
| Gemstone | Primary Source | Formation Conditions | Color Range |
|---|---|---|---|
| Turquoise | Nevada, USA; Iran | Oxidation zones of copper deposits | Blue, green, with matrix veins |
| Tanzanite | Merelani Hills, Tanzania | High pressure and temperature | Blue to violet |
| Zircon | Sri Lanka, Australia | Silicate-rich environments | Blue, red, yellow, green, brown |
Gemological Properties
Turquoise
- Chemical Formula: CuAl₆(PO₄)₄(OH)₈·4H₂O
- Hardness: 5 to 6 on the Mohs scale
- Color: Blue to green, with matrix patterns
- Transparency: Opaque to semi-translucent
- Refractive Index: 1.60 to 1.64
- Specific Gravity: 2.6 to 2.8
Turquoise is a relatively soft gemstone, making it susceptible to scratches and damage. It is often stabilized with resins or oils to improve its durability. The presence of matrix veins adds to its aesthetic appeal and makes each piece unique.
Tanzanite
- Chemical Formula: Ca₂Al₃O₆(SiO₄)(OH)
- Hardness: 6 to 7 on the Mohs scale
- Color: Blue to violet
- Transparency: Transparent to translucent
- Refractive Index: 1.69 to 1.70
- Specific Gravity: 3.1 to 3.4
Tanzanite is known for its deep, velvety blue color and high clarity. It is relatively durable compared to turquoise, making it a popular choice for jewelry. However, it should be handled with care to avoid exposure to extreme temperatures or harsh chemicals.
Zircon
- Chemical Formula: ZrSiO₄
- Hardness: 6 to 7.5 on the Mohs scale
- Color: Blue, red, yellow, green, brown (heat-treated)
- Transparency: Transparent to translucent
- Refractive Index: 1.92 to 2.01
- Specific Gravity: 4.6 to 4.7
Zircon is a highly refractive gemstone, known for its brilliance and fire. It is available in a wide range of colors and is often heat-treated to enhance its appearance. Zircon is relatively durable, but it can be prone to abrasion and should be protected from rough handling.
Symbolism and Metaphysical Beliefs
Turquoise
- Symbolism: Protection, good fortune, health, and spiritual connection.
- Metaphysical Beliefs: Turquoise is believed to enhance communication, promote calmness, and protect the wearer from harm. It is also associated with healing and is said to strengthen the immune system.
- Zodiac Association: Sagittarius
In ancient times, turquoise was believed to have powerful protective properties. It was thought to ward off evil spirits and bring good luck to the wearer. In modern times, it is still associated with health and well-being, and it is often used in crystal healing practices.
Tanzanite
- Symbolism: Transformation, intuition, and emotional healing.
- Metaphysical Beliefs: Tanzanite is believed to promote emotional balance, enhance intuition, and support spiritual growth. It is also associated with the third eye and crown chakras, making it a popular stone for meditation and self-discovery.
- Zodiac Association: Sagittarius
Tanzanite is often referred to as the "stone of transformation" due to its ability to help individuals let go of old patterns and embrace new beginnings. It is also believed to help with emotional healing and is often used in therapy and counseling.
Zircon
- Symbolism: Clarity, wisdom, and spiritual awakening.
- Metaphysical Beliefs: Zircon is believed to enhance mental clarity, promote wisdom, and support spiritual growth. It is also associated with the heart chakra and is used to promote love and compassion.
- Zodiac Association: Capricorn
Zircon is often used in meditation and spiritual practices due to its ability to enhance intuition and promote a deeper connection with the universe. It is also believed to help with memory and concentration, making it a popular stone for students and scholars.
Care and Cleaning
Turquoise
- Hardness: 5 to 6 on the Mohs scale
- Cleaning: Gently clean with a soft brush and mild soap in warm water. Avoid steam cleaners, ultrasonic cleaners, and exposure to harsh chemicals.
- Storage: Store turquoise separately from harder gemstones to prevent scratches.
- Avoid: Extreme temperature changes, as turquoise can be sensitive to heat and cold.
Tanzanite
- Hardness: 6 to 7 on the Mohs scale
- Cleaning: Clean with a soft brush and mild soap in warm water. Avoid steam cleaners and ultrasonic cleaners, as these can damage the gemstone.
- Storage: Store tanzanite in a cool, dry place away from direct sunlight.
- Avoid: Exposure to extreme heat, as this can cause color fading.
Zircon
- Hardness: 6 to 7.5 on the Mohs scale
- Cleaning: Clean with a soft brush and mild soap in warm water. Avoid steam cleaners and ultrasonic cleaners, as these can cause damage.
- Storage: Store zircon separately from harder gemstones to prevent scratches.
- Avoid: Rough handling, as zircon can be prone to abrasion.
Conclusion
December’s three birthstones—turquoise, tanzanite, and zircon—represent a fascinating blend of history, geology, and symbolism. Each stone carries its own unique story, from the ancient use of turquoise in Egyptian tombs to the modern discovery of tanzanite in the Merelani Hills. Their inclusion in the December birthstone list reflects the evolving nature of gemstone traditions and the enduring appeal of these gems.
Whether you are drawn to the deep blue of tanzanite, the earthy tones of turquoise, or the brilliant sparkle of zircon, there is a December birthstone to suit every taste. Understanding their properties, history, and care requirements can help you appreciate and preserve these beautiful gems for years to come.
For those born in December, choosing a birthstone is not just about aesthetics—it is also about connecting with a piece of history and embracing the symbolic meaning behind the gemstone. Whether you are a collector, a jewelry enthusiast, or simply curious about the world of gemstones, the December birthstones offer a rich and rewarding journey into the heart of gemology.