December is a unique month in the world of birthstones, celebrated with not one, but three prominent gemstones: turquoise, zircon, and blue topaz. These stones, each possessing distinct characteristics and histories, offer a spectrum of blue hues reflecting the winter season. From ancient treasures to modern discoveries, December’s birthstones represent a rich tapestry of geological formation, cultural significance, and enduring beauty. This article will delve into the history, properties, and symbolism of these captivating gems.
History and Lore
The association of gemstones with specific months dates back centuries, with traditions evolving over time. Originally, zircon and turquoise were the primary birthstones for December, representing the chill and beauty of the winter season. The addition of tanzanite in 2002 broadened the selection, offering more choices based on preference and affordability. Turquoise holds the distinction of being one of the oldest known birthstones, with evidence of its use dating back to ancient Egypt, Persia, and the Americas. It was highly valued by pharaohs and artisans alike, adorning rulers and embellishing sacred spaces.
Zircon, similarly, boasts a long history, being among the earliest minerals discovered on Earth. Its brilliance and range of colors have been appreciated for millennia. Blue topaz, while a more recent addition as a December birthstone, has its own historical roots, with the name “topaz” believed to originate from the Sanskrit word “tapas,” meaning fire, reflecting its historical association with strength and protection.
Geological Formation and Sources
Each of these December birthstones originates through distinct geological processes and is found in specific locations around the globe. Turquoise, a hydrated phosphate of copper and aluminum, forms in arid regions through the interaction of groundwater with copper-bearing rocks. Notable sources include the Southwestern United States, particularly Arizona, New Mexico, and Nevada, where it has been mined for centuries. Historically, Persia (modern-day Iran) was also a significant source, and turquoise from this region is still highly prized.
Zircon forms in igneous rocks and alluvial deposits, often as a byproduct of other mineral mining operations. It is found in various locations worldwide, including Sri Lanka, Cambodia, and Australia. Blue topaz, most commonly available today, is typically created through the irradiation and heat treatment of colorless topaz. Naturally occurring blue topaz is rare. Untreated topaz is found in Brazil, Nigeria, and Russia. Tanzanite, a relatively recent discovery, is exclusively found in a small area near Mount Kilimanjaro in Tanzania, making it a uniquely localized gemstone.
Gemological Properties
The three December birthstones exhibit a range of gemological properties that contribute to their individual appeal.
Turquoise is an opaque gemstone, ranging in color from robin’s egg blue to greenish-blue. Its color is influenced by the presence of copper and iron. It often features distinctive matrix patterns, which are remnants of the host rock, adding to its unique character. Turquoise typically lacks strong pleochroism and exhibits a vitreous luster.
Zircon is known for its exceptional brilliance and “fire,” often mistaken for diamond. It occurs in a wide spectrum of colors, but the blue varieties are most commonly associated with December. Zircon possesses a high refractive index and strong dispersion, contributing to its sparkle. It is a relatively hard gemstone, ranking between 6.5 and 7.5 on the Mohs scale.
Blue Topaz displays a clear, sky-blue to deep London Blue shade. Most blue topaz available commercially is created by irradiating colorless topaz, which enhances its color. Topaz has a hardness of 8 on the Mohs scale, making it a durable gemstone suitable for everyday wear. It exhibits a vitreous luster and a refractive index that contributes to its brilliance.
The following table summarizes key gemological properties:
| Property | Turquoise | Zircon | Blue Topaz |
|---|---|---|---|
| Color | Blue to Greenish-Blue | Blue (most common) | Sky Blue to London Blue |
| Transparency | Opaque | Transparent | Transparent |
| Hardness (Mohs) | 5-6 | 6.5-7.5 | 8 |
| Luster | Vitreous | Adamantine | Vitreous |
| Formation | Arid Environments | Igneous Rocks | Pegmatites |
Symbolism and Metaphysical Beliefs
Throughout history, each of these December birthstones has been attributed with various symbolic meanings and metaphysical properties. Turquoise has long been considered a protective stone, believed to ward off negative energy and pollutants. It is also thought to enhance intuition and promote inner peace. Native American cultures revered turquoise for its spiritual and healing powers, using it in jewelry, amulets, and ceremonial objects.
Zircon has historically been associated with strength and protection. In modern times, it is believed to enhance mental clarity and confidence. Some sources suggest zircon can promote restful sleep and ward off nightmares. Blue topaz is often linked to calmness, love, and fidelity, making it a popular choice for romantic gifts. It is also believed to promote communication and self-expression.
Care and Cleaning
Proper care is essential to maintain the beauty and longevity of December birthstones. Turquoise, being a relatively soft stone, is susceptible to scratches and damage from harsh chemicals. It should be cleaned with a soft cloth and mild soap and water. Avoid ultrasonic cleaners and harsh cleaning agents. Zircon, with its good hardness, can be cleaned with warm soapy water and a soft brush. However, avoid sudden temperature changes, as this can cause fractures. Blue topaz, being a durable gemstone, can be cleaned with warm soapy water and a soft brush. Ultrasonic cleaners are generally safe for blue topaz, but caution should be exercised with irradiated stones.
Conclusion
December’s birthstones – turquoise, zircon, and blue topaz – represent a captivating blend of history, geology, and symbolism. Each gemstone offers a unique aesthetic and carries its own cultural significance, providing a diverse range of options for those born in this winter month. Whether seeking a protective talisman, a symbol of love, or a dazzling display of brilliance, these December birthstones offer enduring beauty and timeless appeal.