The practice of associating specific gemstones with particular months, and even days of the week, is a tradition steeped in history and lore. While the modern birthstone chart has evolved over time, its roots lie in ancient beliefs connecting gemstones to astrological signs and the perceived powers they held. This article explores the history of birthstones, their evolving associations, and the significance of these gems across cultures, drawing upon historical accounts and modern interpretations.
The earliest origins of birthstones can be traced back to the breastplate of Aaron, the high priest of the Israelites, described in the Book of Exodus. This ornate garment was adorned with twelve gemstones, each representing one of the twelve tribes of Israel. While the exact correspondence between these stones and modern birthstones is debated, this biblical reference established a link between gemstones and specific groups, laying the groundwork for future associations.
The tradition continued to develop in ancient Greece and Rome, where gemstones were believed to possess healing properties and were linked to the zodiac signs. These beliefs were further disseminated through the writings of scholars and astrologers throughout the Middle Ages. However, the standardization of birthstones as we know them today didn’t occur until much later.
The concept of linking gems to specific months, rather than zodiac signs, began to take shape with the creation of calendars. The first documented attempt to create a birthstone calendar occurred in 1752, classifying gems based primarily on their color. This early system was far from definitive, and variations existed for centuries. A more formalized list was published in 1912 by the American Gem Society, which sought to standardize the birthstone chart. However, even this list has been amended over time, with additional gemstones added in 1952, 2002, and as recently as 2016. This ongoing evolution reflects both the discovery of new gemstones and a desire to offer more choices to consumers.
January: Garnet – A Stone of Love and Well-being
For those born in January, the garnet is the traditional birthstone. Derived from the Latin word "granum" or "granatum," meaning seed, the name reflects the gem’s resemblance to pomegranate seeds. Garnets are not limited to the deep red hues often associated with them; they can be found in a remarkable range of colors, including green (tsavorite and demantoid), orange (spessartine and hessonite), yellow (Mali garnet), and even shades of purple, pink, brown, and blue. Some garnets even exhibit a color-change effect.
Historically, garnets have been attributed with a variety of powers, including bringing peace, prosperity, health, friendship, and security. They are also associated with love and passion, making them a popular gift for second wedding anniversaries.
February: Amethyst – The Bishop’s Stone
February’s birthstone, the amethyst, is a variety of quartz known for its captivating purple hues. The name originates from the Greek word "amethystos," meaning non-intoxicated, as ancient Greeks believed wearing amethyst could prevent drunkenness. This belief led to the use of amethyst in drinking vessels, sculpted into glasses to ward off the effects of wine.
Amethyst is often linked to calming virtues and is considered a stone that connects humans to the divine universe. It was historically favored by religious figures, earning the nickname “the bishop gemstone” due to its frequent use in the rings and adornments of high-ranking clergy. The gem is also associated with positive energy and is traditionally gifted for sixth wedding anniversaries.
March: Aquamarine – A Sailor’s Charm
Aquamarine, the birthstone for March, embodies elegance and refinement. This gemstone, a variety of beryl, is known for its tranquil blue to blue-green colors, reminiscent of the sea. Historically, aquamarine was believed to bring good health, love, and a brighter future. It was particularly favored by sailors, who believed it offered protection during their voyages on the high seas.
April: Diamond – Eternity and Perfection
The diamond, representing April, is a legendary gemstone synonymous with eternity, perfection, purity, strength, and stability. Its name comes from the Greek word "adamas," meaning inflexible, indomitable, and unshakable. Throughout history, the diamond’s symbolic power has been immense. During the Middle Ages, diamond powder was even believed to possess curative properties and was used in medicinal preparations.
May: Emerald – Cleopatra’s Favorite
May’s birthstone, the emerald, holds a prominent place in history and lore. It was a favorite gem of Queen Cleopatra, who believed its beauty would bring eternal youth to its wearer. Today, the emerald symbolizes fertility and loyalty, combining gentleness with strength.
June: A Trio of Choices – Pearl, Alexandrite, and Moonstone
June boasts a unique selection of birthstones: the pearl, the alexandrite, and the moonstone. The pearl, an organic gem formed within oysters, has long been associated with feminine divinity, particularly the Greek goddess Venus, embodying beauty and sensuality. It also symbolizes chastity, humility, happiness, and longevity in marriage.
The alexandrite is a remarkable “chameleon gem,” displaying different colors depending on the lighting. Under natural light, it exhibits shades of green, while under artificial light, it transforms into a strawberry ruby red. Alexandrite is said to embody justice, power, and wisdom, empowering the wearer with self-confidence.
The moonstone, also linked to June, symbolizes innocence, faith, and purity.
July: Ruby – Passion and Strength
July’s birthstone, the ruby, is a vibrant red gemstone associated with passion, strength, and courage. It has been highly valued for centuries and remains one of the most sought-after gemstones in the world.
August: Peridot and Spinel – Recent Additions
August is represented by peridot and, more recently, spinel. Peridot, with its distinctive olive-green hue, has been prized for its beauty for millennia. Spinel, added to the official birthstone list in 2016, comes in a variety of colors, including red, pink, purple, and blue.
September: Sapphire – Royalty and Wisdom
September’s birthstone, the sapphire, is renowned for its deep blue color, though it can also be found in other hues. Sapphires have long been associated with royalty, wisdom, and faith.
October: Tourmaline and Opal – A Colorful Duo
October offers a choice between tourmaline and opal. Tourmaline is a versatile gemstone available in a wide spectrum of colors, while opal is known for its iridescent play of color.
November: Topaz and Citrine – Warm Hues
November’s birthstones, topaz and citrine, offer warm and inviting colors. Topaz comes in a variety of shades, including yellow, orange, blue, and pink, while citrine is known for its golden-yellow hues.
December: Tanzanite, Zircon, and Turquoise – A Festive Trio
December is represented by tanzanite, zircon, and turquoise. Tanzanite, a relatively recent discovery, is a vibrant blue-violet gemstone. Zircon, often confused with cubic zirconia, is a naturally occurring gemstone available in a range of colors. Turquoise, with its distinctive blue-green hue, has been prized for centuries for its beauty and protective qualities.
Beyond the Monthly Chart: Birthstones by Day of the Week
Beyond the monthly birthstone chart, some traditions associate gemstones with specific days of the week, believing they absorb the energies of the planets and pass them to the wearer. These associations include gold topaz for Sunday, moonstone or pearl for Monday, ruby or garnet for Tuesday, turquoise, sapphire, or lapis lazuli for Wednesday, amethyst for Thursday, emerald for Friday, and diamond for Saturday.
Conclusion
The history of birthstones is a fascinating journey through ancient beliefs, evolving traditions, and modern interpretations. From the twelve gemstones adorning the breastplate of Aaron to the standardized charts of the American Gem Society, the association between gemstones and specific months (or days) has endured for centuries. Whether chosen for their perceived powers, their aesthetic beauty, or their personal significance, birthstones continue to hold a special place in the hearts of gemstone enthusiasts and jewelry lovers alike.