December is a month rich in tradition, celebration, and natural beauty—both in the world of gemstones and in the changing of the year. Among its many charms is the fact that it is one of the few months with multiple official birthstones, offering a selection of four distinct gems: Blue Topaz, Turquoise, Tanzanite, and Zircon. Each of these gemstones carries a unique history, a set of symbolic meanings, and a distinct set of physical properties that make them not only beautiful but also meaningful choices for jewelry and personal adornment.
This article explores the December birthstones in depth, covering their geological origins, cultural significance, and practical care tips. Whether you are a gemstone enthusiast, a jewelry buyer, or simply someone curious about the symbolic power of stones, this guide provides an in-depth look at the four gems that represent the final month of the year.
A Month of Four Stones
December is one of only two months with multiple birthstones, a fact that reflects both the evolving nature of birthstone traditions and the diverse appeal of the gems associated with the month. According to the sources provided, December's official birthstones include Blue Topaz, Turquoise, Tanzanite, and Zircon, with each gemstone offering a different visual and symbolic experience.
The inclusion of multiple birthstones for a single month is not unique to December. For example, November also has three birthstones: topaz, citrine, and golden beryl. The practice of assigning multiple stones to a single month began in the 20th century as a way to offer more variety and accommodate different tastes, budgets, and symbolic preferences.
The earliest recorded list of birthstones, dating back to the 1st century AD in the Book of Exodus, only assigned one stone per month. December was represented by Ruby in the ancient lists. However, as gemstone discovery and trade expanded, so too did the variety of stones available for each month.
By the 19th century, Turquoise had become a popular choice for December, and it remained so for many decades. In 1912, the National Association of Jewelers (now the Jewelers of America) officially recognized Turquoise as the primary December birthstone. In 1952, Zircon was added to the list, and in 2002, Tanzanite was introduced, completing the modern list of four December birthstones.
This evolution reflects the dynamic nature of gemstone traditions and the influence of modern discoveries and cultural preferences on what we consider significant stones for each month.
December Birthstone No. 1: Blue Topaz
Description and Historical Significance
Blue Topaz is one of the most popular modern birthstones for December. Known for its vibrant blue hues and high durability, it is a versatile gemstone that suits both everyday and special occasion jewelry.
The name Topaz comes from the Sanskrit word tapas, meaning “fire,” a reference to the yellow and golden varieties of the stone. However, Blue Topaz, with its cool, serene blue tones, evokes a sense of calm and tranquility.
There are several color variations of Blue Topaz:
- Sky Blue: A soft, pastel blue that is gentle and elegant.
- Swiss Blue: A more intense and vibrant blue, often used in statement jewelry.
- London Blue: The deepest and most valuable shade, featuring rich blue tones with gray or green undertones.
Blue Topaz has a long history of use in jewelry and adornment. In ancient times, it was believed to have healing and calming properties. Today, it is associated with communication, creativity, and self-expression, making it a fitting gemstone for artists, writers, and leaders.
Gemological Properties
Blue Topaz is a relatively hard gemstone with a Mohs hardness of 8, making it one of the most durable December birthstones. This high level of hardness means it is well-suited for everyday wear in rings, bangles, and necklaces.
- Chemical Composition: Aluminum fluorosilicate (Al₂SiO₄(F,OH)₂)
- Color: Blue (treated), yellow, orange, brown, red, pink, and colorless in its natural form
- Hardness: 8 on the Mohs scale
- Cleavage: Perfect in one direction, so care must be taken to avoid chipping or breaking
- Luster: Vitreous (glassy)
- Refractive Index: 1.61–1.63
- Sources: Brazil (largest producer), Nigeria, Sri Lanka, and China
Symbolism and Metaphysical Beliefs
Blue Topaz is often associated with calmness, clarity, and emotional healing. In metaphysical traditions, it is believed to promote inner peace, balance, and a sense of well-being. Some also believe it enhances communication skills and helps with self-expression.
In certain cultures, Blue Topaz is thought to bring prosperity and protection. It is considered a gemstone of good fortune and is often worn during stressful times to help soothe the mind and spirit.
Care and Maintenance
Because of its relatively high hardness, Blue Topaz is easy to care for. However, due to its cleavage and susceptibility to heat, it is important to follow specific care tips:
- Cleaning: Use warm, soapy water and a soft cloth. Avoid ultrasonic cleaners and harsh chemicals.
- Storage: Store Blue Topaz separately from harder gemstones to prevent scratches.
- Avoid Heat: High temperatures can cause Blue Topaz to lose its color, so avoid exposing it to direct heat sources.
- Avoid Harsh Chemicals: Remove Blue Topaz jewelry before swimming, cleaning, or using household chemicals.
Blue Topaz is also a popular choice for engagement rings and anniversary gifts, particularly because of its affordability and brilliance.
December Birthstone No. 2: Turquoise
Description and Historical Significance
Turquoise is the traditional December birthstone and one of the oldest gemstones in human history. It has been used for thousands of years in jewelry, art, and spiritual practices across various cultures.
The name Turquoise comes from the French phrase pierre turquoise, meaning “Turkish stone,” referring to its early trade routes through Turkey. However, the stone has been used in cultures as far back as ancient Egypt, Persia, and Afghanistan, and it was particularly popular among Native American tribes, who used it in jewelry and ceremonial objects.
Turquoise is known for its unique color, which ranges from robin’s egg blue to greenish-blue, depending on the mineral content. It is a hydrated phosphate of aluminum and copper and is often found with veins of matrix, which are natural mineral deposits that create patterns in the stone.
Gemological Properties
Turquoise is a relatively soft gemstone, with a Mohs hardness of 5–6, which means it is more delicate than Blue Topaz or Tanzanite and requires more careful handling.
- Chemical Composition: Hydrated phosphate of aluminum and copper (Al₂(Cu,Fe)₂(SO₄,PO₄,VO₄)₄(OH)₃·nH₂O)
- Color: Blue to greenish-blue, often with veins or patterns (matrix)
- Hardness: 5–6 on the Mohs scale
- Luster: Waxy to subvitreous
- Refractive Index: 1.61–1.65
- Sources: United States (Arizona, Nevada), Iran (Persian turquoise), and China
Symbolism and Metaphysical Beliefs
Turquoise has long been associated with protection, peace, and prosperity. In ancient Egypt, it was believed to bring good fortune and ward off evil. In Native American cultures, it was used in ceremonies and as a protective stone for warriors and hunters.
In modern times, turquoise is still seen as a stone of protection and spiritual connection. It is believed to help with emotional healing, communication, and inner peace. Some also associate it with good luck and positive energy.
Care and Maintenance
Because of its softness and porous nature, Turquoise requires careful handling and cleaning:
- Cleaning: Use a soft cloth and mild soap with warm water. Avoid ultrasonic cleaners and steam cleaning.
- Avoid Water and Humidity: Prolonged exposure to water can cause Turquoise to become discolored or cracked.
- Avoid Chemicals and Heat: Harsh chemicals and high heat can damage the stone.
- Storage: Store Turquoise separately from harder gemstones to avoid scratches.
Turquoise is often used in handmade jewelry, Native American-inspired designs, and vintage pieces, making it a unique and meaningful choice for those who appreciate its rich history and symbolism.
December Birthstone No. 3: Tanzanite
Description and Historical Significance
Tanzanite is a modern discovery, first found in 1967 in the Merelani Hills of Tanzania, near Mount Kilimanjaro. It was discovered by Midas Exploration, a mining company, and was later marketed as a new gemstone by the Gemfields company.
Tanzanite is a trigonal mineral that is a variety of columbite, and it is known for its rich blue and violet coloration. The gemstone was named after its country of origin, Tanzania, and it quickly became a popular choice for engagement rings, jewelry, and special occasion pieces.
Unlike the ancient stones of Turquoise and Blue Topaz, Tanzanite has a relatively short history in the jewelry world. However, it has quickly gained popularity due to its vibrant color, affordability, and rarity.
Gemological Properties
Tanzanite is a relatively hard gemstone, with a Mohs hardness of 6–7, making it durable enough for everyday wear but still requiring some care.
- Chemical Composition: Calcium aluminum silicate (CaAl₂(SiO₄)(OH)₂)
- Color: Blue to violet, often with a pleochroic effect (displaying different colors when viewed from different angles)
- Hardness: 6–7 on the Mohs scale
- Luster: Vitreous (glassy)
- Refractive Index: 1.694–1.703
- Sources: Found only in Tanzania, making it one of the rarest gemstones in the world
Symbolism and Metaphysical Beliefs
Tanzanite is associated with spiritual transformation, healing, and emotional balance. It is believed to help with self-transformation, emotional healing, and inner peace.
In metaphysical traditions, Tanzanite is said to activate the throat chakra, third-eye chakra, and crown chakra, allowing the wearer to enhance their intuition, communication, and spiritual awareness.
It is also considered a stone of protection, particularly for those undergoing major life changes or emotional challenges. Some also believe that Tanzanite helps with dream interpretation and psychic development.
Care and Maintenance
Tanzanite requires careful handling due to its moderate hardness and susceptibility to heat and chemicals:
- Cleaning: Use warm, soapy water and a soft cloth. Avoid ultrasonic cleaners and steam cleaning.
- Avoid Heat: High heat can cause Tanzanite to lose its color or become damaged.
- Avoid Chemicals: Harsh chemicals can dull the stone's luster or cause damage.
- Storage: Store Tanzanite separately from harder gemstones to avoid scratches.
Tanzanite is a popular choice for engagement rings, anniversary gifts, and special occasion jewelry, particularly because of its vibrant color and rarity.
December Birthstone No. 4: Zircon
Description and Historical Significance
Zircon is one of the oldest minerals on Earth, with some zircon crystals found in Australia dating back over 4.4 billion years. It is a zirconium silicate that comes in a variety of colors, including blue, green, brown, red, and colorless.
In the context of December birthstones, blue zircon is the most commonly associated with the month. It is sometimes referred to as December Zircon or December Blue Zircon. Zircon is also known for its high refractive index, which gives it a sparkling, diamond-like appearance.
Zircon has a long history of use in jewelry and gemstone trade, though it is not as widely known as Blue Topaz or Tanzanite. It was added to the December birthstone list in 1952 and remains a popular choice for those who appreciate its ancient origins and sparkling brilliance.
Gemological Properties
Zircon is a relatively hard gemstone, with a Mohs hardness of 6–7.5, depending on the type and color.
- Chemical Composition: Zirconium silicate (ZrSiO₄)
- Color: Blue, green, brown, red, colorless
- Hardness: 6–7.5 on the Mohs scale
- Luster: Vitreous (glassy)
- Refractive Index: 1.92–2.01 (very high, gives it a brilliant sparkle)
- Sources: Sri Lanka, Cambodia, Myanmar, and Australia
Symbolism and Metaphysical Beliefs
Zircon is associated with wisdom, prosperity, and spiritual transformation. In ancient times, it was believed to have magical properties and was used in amulets and talismans for protection and good fortune.
In modern metaphysical traditions, Zircon is believed to help with emotional healing, inner peace, and spiritual growth. It is also considered a stone of prosperity, particularly for those who are seeking financial stability or success.
Some also believe that Zircon enhances dreams, vision, and spiritual insight, making it a valuable stone for meditation and self-discovery.
Care and Maintenance
Zircon requires careful handling due to its moderate hardness and susceptibility to heat and chemicals:
- Cleaning: Use warm, soapy water and a soft cloth. Avoid ultrasonic cleaners and steam cleaning.
- Avoid Heat: High heat can cause Zircon to lose its color or become damaged.
- Avoid Chemicals: Harsh chemicals can dull the stone's luster or cause damage.
- Storage: Store Zircon separately from harder gemstones to avoid scratches.
Zircon is a popular choice for vintage jewelry, statement pieces, and special occasion jewelry, particularly due to its sparkling brilliance and historical significance.
Comparison Table: December Birthstones
| Gemstone | Mohs Hardness | Color(s) | Origin(s) | Symbolism |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Blue Topaz | 8 | Sky Blue, Swiss Blue, London Blue | Brazil, Nigeria, Sri Lanka, China | Communication, creativity, calmness, prosperity |
| Turquoise | 5–6 | Blue, greenish-blue | United States, Iran, China | Protection, peace, prosperity, spiritual connection |
| Tanzanite | 6–7 | Blue, violet | Tanzania | Transformation, healing, spiritual awareness |
| Zircon | 6–7.5 | Blue, green, brown, red, colorless | Sri Lanka, Cambodia, Myanmar, Australia | Wisdom, prosperity, spiritual insight |
Conclusion
December is a month of celebration, reflection, and new beginnings, and its four birthstones—Blue Topaz, Turquoise, Tanzanite, and Zircon—each reflect these themes in their own way. From the vibrant and durable Blue Topaz to the ancient and sparkling Zircon, these gemstones offer a wide range of colors, histories, and symbolic meanings.
Whether you are drawn to the cool serenity of Blue Topaz, the protective power of Turquoise, the transformative energy of Tanzanite, or the timeless brilliance of Zircon, there is a December birthstone that resonates with your personality and style. Their unique properties and rich histories make them not only beautiful but also deeply meaningful choices for jewelry and personal adornment.
As you explore these gemstones, you may find that one speaks to you more than the others—or that each has a special place in your heart. After all, December is a month of many faces, and its birthstones reflect that diversity perfectly.