December is a month rich in cultural significance, seasonal symbolism, and a unique connection to the world of gemstones. Unlike months with a single birthstone, December is associated with a variety of gemstones, each offering distinct colors, historical ties, and symbolic meanings. These include zircon, topaz, tanzanite, lapis lazuli, and turquoise. Together, they form a colorful tapestry of options for those born in December, allowing for a wide range of personal expression through jewelry and gemstone appreciation.
This article delves into the historical background, gemological properties, cultural symbolism, and practical care of December’s birthstones. By examining these aspects, we can better understand the significance of these stones and how they have evolved from ancient artifacts to modern jewelry pieces.
History and Lore
The history of December birthstones is deeply intertwined with the cultural and spiritual beliefs of various civilizations. The use of gemstones as symbols of protection, power, and personal significance dates back thousands of years. In ancient times, people believed that wearing a gemstone corresponding to their birth month could bring good fortune, health, and spiritual guidance.
The December birthstones have been particularly valued for their vibrant blue hues, which evoke the colors of winter and the night sky. Turquoise, for instance, has been cherished for millennia. Ancient Egyptian artisans used it to decorate the burial mask of Pharaoh Tutankhamun, a testament to its regal status and symbolic power. In Native American cultures, especially among the Navajo and Hopi tribes, turquoise was considered a sacred stone with mystical properties. It was often used in jewelry and carvings, believed to bring protection, good health, and positive energy.
Zircon, another December birthstone, has a long and fascinating history. As one of the oldest minerals on Earth, zircon has been found in geological formations dating back over four billion years. In ancient times, zircon was prized for its brilliant fire and color-changing properties. It was often mistaken for diamond or cat’s eye chrysoberyl due to its similar appearance and high refractive index. Zircon’s historical use in jewelry and amulets reflects its perceived value and beauty.
Lapis lazuli, with its deep blue color and flecks of gold, has been associated with wisdom and enlightenment. Ancient Mesopotamians and Egyptians used it in decorative objects and amulets. The stone was also highly regarded in medieval Europe, where it was believed to enhance intellectual pursuits and spiritual growth. In the Renaissance, lapis lazuli was used to create ultramarine pigment, one of the most expensive and sought-after colors in art.
Tanzanite, though a relatively modern discovery, has quickly gained popularity due to its unique blue to violet color. Discovered in Tanzania in 1967, near Mount Kilimanjaro, tanzanite is a rare gemstone that occurs in only one location in the world. Its vibrant color and limited supply have made it a symbol of exclusivity and individuality.
Geological Formation and Sources
Each December birthstone has distinct geological properties and origins, contributing to its rarity and beauty.
Zircon
Zircon is a silicate mineral composed of zirconium, silicon, and oxygen. Its chemical formula is ZrSiO₄. Zircon is known for its high refractive index and dispersion, which gives it a brilliant sparkle similar to diamonds. It is found in various geological environments, including metamorphic and igneous rocks. Zircon is particularly abundant in countries like Australia, Brazil, Cambodia, and Sri Lanka. The gemstone is often heat-treated to enhance its color, producing vibrant blue, colorless, and even red varieties.
Topaz
Topaz is a silicate mineral with the chemical formula Al₂SiO₄(F,OH)₂. It is known for its clarity and hardness, which ranges from 6 to 7 on the Mohs scale. Blue topaz, the most popular variety for December, is often heat-treated to achieve its beautiful blue hue. Topaz is found in various parts of the world, including Brazil, Mexico, and the United States. It is one of the hardest and most durable gemstones, making it ideal for jewelry that requires frequent wear.
Tanzanite
Tanzanite is a variety of the mineral zoisite, with the chemical formula Ca₂Al₃(SiO₄)(Si₂O₇)O(OH)₃. It is only found in Tanzania, near Mount Kilimanjaro, making it one of the rarest gemstones in the world. Tanzanite's deep blue to violet color is due to trace amounts of vanadium. The gemstone is relatively soft compared to other December birthstones, with a hardness of 6 to 6.5 on the Mohs scale. Tanzanite is typically heat-treated to enhance its color and clarity.
Lapis Lazuli
Lapis lazuli is a metamorphic rock composed mainly of lazurite, a sodium calcium aluminum silicate with sulfur. Its chemical formula is (Na,Ca)₈(AlSiO₄)₆(S,SO₄,Cl)₁₋₂. Lapis lazuli is known for its deep blue color, which is due to the presence of sulfur in lazurite. It also contains flecks of pyrite, which give it a golden sparkle. Lapis lazuli is found in Afghanistan, Russia, and Egypt, with Afghanistan being the most famous source. The stone is relatively soft, with a hardness of 5 to 6 on the Mohs scale, making it suitable for pendants, beads, and carvings but less ideal for rings.
Turquoise
Turquoise is a phosphate mineral composed of copper, aluminum, and phosphorus. Its chemical formula is CuAl₆(PO₄)₄(OH)₈·4H₂O. Turquoise is known for its blue-green color, which varies depending on the amount of copper and iron in the stone. It is found in Iran, the United States (particularly in the Southwest), China, and Egypt. Turquoise is relatively soft, with a hardness of 5 to 6 on the Mohs scale, and is often stabilized with resins or other materials to improve its durability.
Gemological Properties
Understanding the gemological properties of December birthstones helps in identifying, evaluating, and caring for these gemstones. Each has unique characteristics that contribute to its beauty and value.
Zircon
Zircon has a hardness of 6 to 7.5 on the Mohs scale, making it relatively durable for jewelry. It is known for its high refractive index and strong dispersion, which create a brilliant fire when light passes through the stone. Zircon is available in various colors, including blue, yellow, red, and colorless. Blue zircon is the most popular December birthstone and is often heat-treated to achieve its vibrant color. Zircon is also known for its high birefringence, which can cause double refraction in certain cuts.
Topaz
Topaz has a hardness of 8 on the Mohs scale, making it one of the hardest and most durable gemstones. It is known for its clarity and brilliance, with blue topaz being the most popular variety for December. Topaz has a low refractive index, but its clarity and color saturation give it a beautiful appearance. It is often used in rings, earrings, and pendants due to its durability and affordability.
Tanzanite
Tanzanite has a hardness of 6 to 6.5 on the Mohs scale, which is relatively soft compared to other gemstones. It is known for its strong pleochroism, meaning it displays different colors when viewed from different angles. Tanzanite is usually heat-treated to enhance its color and clarity. It has a moderate refractive index, and its deep blue to violet color makes it a popular choice for jewelry.
Lapis Lazuli
Lapis lazuli has a hardness of 5 to 6 on the Mohs scale, making it relatively soft and more prone to scratches and damage. It is known for its deep blue color and golden flecks of pyrite, which give it a unique appearance. Lapis lazuli is often used in pendants, beads, and carvings due to its softness. It is not typically used in rings due to its susceptibility to wear.
Turquoise
Turquoise has a hardness of 5 to 6 on the Mohs scale, making it relatively soft and more delicate compared to other gemstones. It is known for its blue-green color and is often stabilized with resins or other materials to improve its durability. Turquoise is commonly used in pendants, earrings, and beads. It is not typically used in rings due to its softness and potential for damage.
Symbolism and Metaphysical Beliefs
The December birthstones have long been associated with various symbolic meanings and metaphysical properties. These beliefs have evolved over time, but many of them continue to influence the popularity and use of these gemstones in jewelry and personal adornment.
Zircon
Zircon has been associated with wisdom, clarity, and spiritual growth. In ancient times, it was believed to enhance one's ability to see the truth and make wise decisions. Zircon is also known for its healing properties, particularly in promoting emotional balance and reducing stress. Its vibrant colors and brilliant fire make it a symbol of joy and celebration.
Topaz
Topaz is associated with strength, vitality, and protection. In ancient times, it was believed to provide courage and enhance physical endurance. Topaz is also known for its cleansing properties, helping to purify the mind and body. Blue topaz, in particular, is associated with calmness and serenity, making it a popular choice for those seeking peace and balance.
Tanzanite
Tanzanite is known for its emotional healing properties, particularly in helping individuals release old wounds and move forward. It is associated with empathy, compassion, and emotional balance. Tanzanite is also believed to enhance intuition and spiritual awareness, making it a valuable stone for meditation and personal growth.
Lapis Lazuli
Lapis lazuli is associated with wisdom, truth, and enlightenment. It is believed to enhance intellectual pursuits and promote spiritual growth. Lapis lazuli is also known for its soothing properties, helping to reduce stress and anxiety. It is often used in meditation and spiritual practices due to its calming energy.
Turquoise
Turquoise is one of the most well-known and widely used gemstones for its protective and healing properties. It is believed to bring good fortune, health, and protection from harm. Turquoise is also associated with friendship, harmony, and positive energy. In many cultures, it is used in amulets and charms to ward off negative influences and attract good luck.
Care and Cleaning
Proper care and cleaning are essential to maintaining the beauty and longevity of December birthstones. Each gemstone has specific care requirements based on its hardness, sensitivity to heat and light, and chemical stability.
Zircon
Zircon should be cleaned with a soft brush and mild soap in warm water. It is relatively stable when exposed to light, but some heat-treated zircons may revert to their original colors after prolonged exposure to bright light. Zircon should be avoided in harsh environments, such as gardening or sports, to prevent scratches and abrasion. Ultrasonic and steam cleaners are not recommended for zircon due to its potential sensitivity to vibrations and heat.
Topaz
Topaz is relatively durable and can be cleaned with mild soap and warm water. It is resistant to light and heat, making it suitable for everyday wear. Topaz can be cleaned with ultrasonic and steam cleaners, but it should be avoided in harsh environments where it may be scratched or damaged. Topaz is also stable in chemical environments, making it easy to maintain.
Tanzanite
Tanzanite should be cleaned with mild soap and warm water. It is relatively sensitive to heat and light, so it should be stored in a cool, dark place when not in use. Tanzanite is not recommended for ultrasonic or steam cleaning, as these methods may cause damage. Tanzanite should be avoided in harsh environments where it may be exposed to heat or chemicals.
Lapis Lazuli
Lapis lazuli is relatively soft and should be cleaned with mild soap and warm water. It is not recommended for ultrasonic or steam cleaning, as these methods may cause damage. Lapis lazuli should be avoided in harsh environments where it may be exposed to chemicals or abrasion. It is best stored in a soft cloth or padded container to protect it from scratches.
Turquoise
Turquoise is a soft gemstone and should be cleaned with mild soap and warm water. It is not recommended for ultrasonic or steam cleaning, as these methods may cause damage. Turquoise is sensitive to heat and chemicals, so it should be avoided in harsh environments where it may be exposed to these elements. It is best stored in a cool, dry place to prevent drying and cracking.
Conclusion
December’s birthstones—zircon, topaz, tanzanite, lapis lazuli, and turquoise—offer a rich and diverse selection of gemstones, each with its own unique history, properties, and symbolism. From the ancient civilizations that revered these stones for their mystical properties to the modern jewelry industry that celebrates their beauty and versatility, December birthstones continue to captivate and inspire.
Whether you are drawn to the vibrant blue of zircon, the serene clarity of topaz, the deep violet of tanzanite, the regal blue of lapis lazuli, or the warm blue-green of turquoise, there is a December birthstone to match your personality and style. By understanding the history, gemological properties, and care requirements of these gemstones, you can appreciate their beauty and significance even more.
As you explore the world of December birthstones, remember that each stone carries with it a story, a symbol, and a connection to the past. Whether worn as a piece of jewelry or admired as a gemstone, these stones are more than just adornments—they are a celebration of the richness of human history and the enduring allure of gemstones.