August is unique among the calendar months, boasting not one, but three recognized birthstones: peridot, spinel, and sardonyx (often referred to as onyx). This multiplicity reflects a fascinating evolution in birthstone traditions, stretching from ancient associations to modern designations. While peridot holds a longstanding “traditional” status, spinel is a more recent addition, officially recognized in 2016, and sardonyx represents the “ancient” link to the month. The history of how these gemstones came to be linked with those born in August is a story of evolving customs, historical misidentification, and enduring symbolism.
History and Lore
The tradition of associating gemstones with specific months has roots in medieval times, with origins traceable to biblical references and early Polish or German practices. These early traditions assigned stones based on astrological signs and perceived healing properties. Over the centuries, these traditions diversified, leading to variations in birthstone lists across North America and Europe. This explains the existence of “ancient,” “traditional,” and “modern” birthstone designations.
Sardonyx, the oldest of the August birthstones, has a history stretching back over 4,000 years. Peridot, known as the “evening emerald” or “gem of the Sun,” was favored by the ancient Egyptians. Some historians speculate that Cleopatra’s famed emerald collection may have actually consisted largely of peridot. The gem also adorned the Shrine of the Three Holy Kings in Germany’s Cologne Cathedral, initially believed to be emeralds.
Spinel’s history is particularly intriguing due to centuries of mistaken identity. For a long time, vibrant red spinels were misidentified as rubies, appearing in the collections of royalty and adorning significant historical pieces. The British Crown Jewels, for example, contain the “Black Prince’s Ruby,” the “Timur Ruby,” and the “Catherine the Great’s Ruby,” all of which are, in fact, magnificent spinels. It wasn’t until relatively recently that mineralogists were able to definitively distinguish between ruby (corundum) and spinel. The official recognition of spinel as an August birthstone by the American Gem Trade Association (AGTA) and Jewelers of America in 2016 marked a turning point, finally acknowledging its unique beauty and durability.
Geological Formation and Sources
Peridot is a gem-quality variety of the mineral olivine, formed deep within the Earth’s mantle. It is occasionally brought to the surface through volcanic activity, earning it the nickname “Pele’s Tears” after the Hawaiian volcano goddess of fire. Remarkably, peridot has even been found within some meteorites, lending it an otherworldly allure.
Spinel crystallizes in metamorphic rocks, often alongside marble and granite. It forms under extreme conditions, and its diverse colors are attributed to trace elements within its chemical structure. While red spinels are most often associated with the gem, spinel also occurs in shades of pink, purple, and, rarely, a vivid blue colored by cobalt.
Sardonyx is a variety of chalcedony, a form of silica. It is created through the banding of sard (reddish-brown) and onyx (black) layers, resulting in a striking contrast.
The sources for these stones vary. While specific mining locations are not detailed in the provided sources, the origins of peridot are linked to volcanic regions, and spinel is found in metamorphic rock formations.
Gemological Properties
Peridot’s color ranges from yellowish-green to olive and dark green, determined by its iron content. Its refractive index falls between 1.65 to 1.69, with a birefringence of 0.035 to 0.038, and a specific gravity of 3.34. It registers between 6.5 and 7 on the Mohs hardness scale.
Spinel, while often compared to ruby, is a distinct mineral. It is known for its durability and comes in a variety of colors, with red, pink, purple, and blue being the most prized.
Sardonyx, a chalcedony, exhibits a banded appearance due to the layering of different colored silica.
The following table summarizes the key properties of Peridot:
| Property | Value |
|---|---|
| Mineral | Olivine |
| Color | Yellowish-Green |
| Refractive Index | 1.65 - 1.69 |
| Specific Gravity | 3.34 |
| Mohs Hardness | 6.5 - 7 |
Symbolism and Metaphysical Beliefs
Those born in August are often described as strong-willed, practical, and natural leaders, possessing high expectations and a talent for organization and motivation. The three August birthstones are believed to complement these traits. While specific metaphysical properties are not detailed in the provided sources, birthstones generally are believed to possess various benefits, such as bringing good fortune, offering protection, and enhancing personal attributes. The symbolism of each stone likely varies across cultures and historical periods.
Care and Cleaning
The provided sources do not offer specific care instructions for these gemstones. However, given peridot’s Mohs hardness of 6.5 to 7, it is susceptible to scratching and should be handled with care. Spinel’s durability makes it a more robust choice for everyday wear. Sardonyx, as a chalcedony, is relatively durable but should still be protected from harsh impacts. General gemstone care practices, such as avoiding harsh chemicals and ultrasonic cleaners, are recommended.
Conclusion
August’s three birthstones – peridot, spinel, and sardonyx – represent a rich tapestry of history, geological formation, and symbolic meaning. From the ancient origins of sardonyx and the Egyptian reverence for peridot to the recent recognition of spinel’s unique beauty, these gems offer a diverse range of choices for those born in this month. The evolution of birthstone traditions reflects a continuing fascination with the power and allure of gemstones, and August’s trio stands as a testament to this enduring legacy.