Peridot, a vibrant yellowish-green gemstone, holds the distinction of being a primary birthstone for August, alongside spinel and sardonyx. Throughout history, this gem has been prized for its unique color and believed to possess various powers, from warding off evil to promoting healing. Its origins are as fascinating as its appearance, found in both terrestrial and extraterrestrial environments, carried from the Earth’s mantle and even discovered within meteorites. This article will delve into the history, geological formation, gemological properties, symbolism, and care of peridot, providing a comprehensive overview of this captivating gemstone.
History and Lore
The story of peridot is interwoven with historical misidentification and captivating lore. For centuries, peridot was often confused with emeralds and topaz, particularly stones sourced from the Red Sea island of Topazios – a location that ironically lent its name to the gem topaz. The island was a significant source of peridot, leading to the initial misattribution. Some historians suggest that Cleopatra’s famed emerald collection may, in fact, have been largely composed of peridot, highlighting the gem’s historical allure and perceived value.
Ancient Egyptians revered peridot, believing it possessed protective qualities. The Shrine of the Three Holy Kings in Germany’s Cologne Cathedral features approximately 200 carats of gems once thought to be emeralds, but now identified as peridot, demonstrating the gem’s continued use in significant religious artifacts. Beyond its association with royalty and religious figures, peridot has been linked to themes of power, influence, and a prosperous future. Modern interpretations continue to associate the gem with positive energy and good fortune.
Geological Formation and Sources
Peridot is the gem variety of the mineral olivine, a silicate mineral rich in iron and magnesium. Its formation occurs under extreme conditions, typically within the Earth’s mantle. The gem is brought to the surface through volcanic activity, found within hardened lava flows. Unusually, peridot has also been discovered within meteorites, offering a glimpse into the gem’s extraterrestrial origins.
While historically sourced from the Red Sea island of Topazios, modern peridot mining occurs in several locations worldwide. Tanzania has emerged as a notable source, with discoveries in 2007 yielding stones in a range of colors, including pinkish and orangy-red hues, alongside the traditional greenish shades. Other sources include Brazil, Germany, Czechoslovakia, Madagascar, and the United States, though the specific quality and color variations differ between these localities. India is also noted for producing sardonyx with good contrast between the different colored layers.
Gemological Properties
Peridot’s distinctive color is its most defining characteristic. It exhibits a yellowish-green to greenish-yellow hue, a result of its iron content. The gem typically displays good clarity, though inclusions can occur.
Here’s a summary of peridot’s key gemological properties:
| Property | Value |
|---|---|
| Mineral | Olivine |
| Chemical Formula | (Mg, Fe)₂SiO₄ |
| Color | Yellowish-green to greenish-yellow |
| Hardness (Mohs) | 6.5 - 7 |
| Specific Gravity | 3.34 – 3.48 |
Peridot registers between 6.5 and 7 on the Mohs scale of hardness, making it relatively durable but susceptible to scratching with harder materials. This means care should be taken when wearing peridot jewelry, particularly in rings. It is stable when exposed to light and most chemicals, but high heat can potentially affect its color.
Symbolism and Metaphysical Beliefs
Throughout history, peridot has been attributed with various symbolic meanings and metaphysical properties. Ancient cultures believed the gem possessed healing powers, capable of alleviating nervousness and emotional distress. It was thought to have a positive impact on the liver, gallbladder, and adrenal function.
Modern metaphysical beliefs continue to associate peridot with healing and well-being. It is believed to activate the “root chakra,” promoting grounding and resolving ailments related to the skin, gums, and spine. The gem is also linked to courage, happiness, and clear communication, fostering stability in relationships and partnerships.
Care and Cleaning
Due to its moderate hardness, peridot requires careful handling and cleaning. Ultrasonic and steam cleaners should be used with caution, as the presence of fractures within the gem could pose a problem. Warm soapy water, applied with a soft-bristle brush, is the safest and most recommended cleaning method. Avoid harsh chemicals or abrasive cleaners, as these can damage the gem’s surface. When wearing peridot jewelry, especially rings, it’s advisable to remove it during activities that could cause impact or scratching.
Conclusion
Peridot, the captivating August birthstone, is a gem steeped in history, geological wonder, and symbolic meaning. From its ancient origins and frequent misidentification as emerald to its modern-day appreciation for its unique color and healing properties, peridot continues to fascinate and inspire. Its formation within the Earth’s mantle and even within meteorites adds to its mystique, making it a truly exceptional gemstone. With proper care and appreciation, peridot jewelry can be treasured for generations, embodying the gem’s enduring beauty and positive energy.