Peridot, with its captivating green hue, holds a prominent place among gemstones, particularly as a birthstone for the month of August. Revered for millennia and often historically confused with other gems like emeralds and topaz, peridot boasts a rich history, unique geological origins, and symbolic meanings that continue to fascinate. This article will delve into the history, geological formation, gemological properties, and cultural significance of peridot, providing a comprehensive overview of this vibrant gemstone.
History and Lore
The story of peridot stretches back thousands of years, with evidence of its use dating to ancient Egypt around 1500 BC. Known as the “gem of the sun,” peridot was highly prized and believed to possess protective qualities, guarding against nightmares and bestowing confidence, health, and positive energy upon its wearer. The ancient Egyptians sourced much of their peridot from the volcanic island of Zabargad in the Red Sea, a location that remained a significant source for centuries, until the early 20th century. Some historians even speculate that the famed emerald collection of Cleopatra may have, in fact, consisted largely of peridot.
Throughout the Middle Ages, peridot continued to be valued, particularly in Europe. It was favored by royalty and clergy, frequently adorning church altars and clerical robes. Its popularity persisted into the Victorian era, where it was commonly incorporated into intricate jewelry designs. While its status as a birthstone evolved over time, peridot’s enduring appeal is undeniable. Initially, sardonyx was considered the original August birthstone, but peridot gained recognition as a “traditional” stone, and was officially added to the list by the National Association of Jewelers in 1912.
Geological Formation and Sources
Peridot is a gem variety of the mineral olivine, a silicate composed of magnesium and iron. Its distinctive green color is directly related to the amount of iron present in its crystal structure. Peridot forms under extreme conditions, often found in hardened lava that has carried it from deep within the Earth’s mantle. Uniquely, it can also be found in meteorites, originating from outer space.
While the Red Sea island of Zabargad was historically a primary source, peridot is also found in other locations around the world. These include Myanmar (Burma), Sri Lanka, Pakistan, Tanzania, Vietnam, and the United States (Arizona and New Mexico). The intensity and tint of the green color can vary depending on the geological environment in which the peridot formed.
Gemological Properties
Peridot exhibits a range of gemological properties that contribute to its unique characteristics. While it occurs in only one color – green – the shade can vary from lime green to olive green, depending on iron content.
Here's a summary of key properties:
| Property | Value |
|---|---|
| Chemical Formula | (Mg, Fe)₂SiO₄ |
| Color | Yellowish-green to greenish yellow |
| Hardness (Mohs) | 6.5 - 7 |
| Crystal System | Orthorhombic |
| Specific Gravity | 3.34 - 3.48 |
| Refractive Index | 1.654 - 1.683 |
Peridot’s hardness of 6.5 to 7 on the Mohs scale makes it relatively durable, though it is still susceptible to scratches and requires careful handling. Its single refraction, unlike the double refraction seen in some other gems, contributes to its distinct appearance.
Symbolism and Metaphysical Beliefs
Throughout history, peridot has been imbued with various symbolic meanings and metaphysical properties. Ancient Egyptians believed it possessed protective powers, shielding wearers from nightmares and promoting overall well-being. In more modern interpretations, peridot is associated with healing, particularly relating to the liver, gallbladder, and adrenal function. It is also believed to alleviate nervousness and emotional distress, fostering a sense of calm and clarity.
Some traditions link peridot to the “root chakra,” suggesting it can heal ailments related to this energy center, including issues with the skin, gums, and spine. These beliefs, while not scientifically proven, contribute to the gemstone’s enduring appeal and perceived benefits.
Care and Cleaning
Due to its hardness of 6.5 to 7 on the Mohs scale, peridot requires careful handling to prevent scratches. It is advisable to remove peridot jewelry before engaging in strenuous activities or when exposed to harsh chemicals. Cleaning peridot is relatively straightforward: warm, soapy water and a soft brush are generally sufficient to remove dirt and grime. Avoid ultrasonic cleaners and steam cleaners, as these can potentially damage the gemstone. Polishing with a soft cloth will restore its luster.
The Addition of Spinel as an August Birthstone
While peridot has long been associated with August, the landscape of birthstones evolved in recent years. In 2016, the Jewelers of America and the American Gem Trade Association added spinel as a third birthstone for August. This decision aimed to broaden the options available to those born in August and to increase awareness and appreciation for spinel, a gem often mistaken for ruby.
Spinel, historically referred to as “ruby spinel” or “balas ruby,” shares a similar appearance to ruby, but possesses a distinct cubic crystal structure. It can be found in a variety of colors, including red, blue, and pink, and is known for its brilliance and durability. The addition of spinel acknowledges the historical confusion between the two gems and celebrates the unique qualities of spinel itself. The British State Crown, famously thought to contain a large ruby, was discovered to feature a spinel instead, highlighting the historical difficulty in distinguishing between the two.
Conclusion
Peridot, the vibrant green gem of the sun, remains a captivating and historically significant birthstone for August. From its ancient origins in Egypt to its modern-day appeal, peridot has been cherished for its beauty, symbolism, and perceived healing properties. The addition of spinel as a third August birthstone further enriches the options available to those born in this month, celebrating the diversity and allure of gemstones. Whether admired for its geological origins, its historical significance, or its vibrant color, peridot continues to hold a special place in the world of gemstones.