The concept of birthstones, linking gemstones to specific months, is a tradition steeped in history and cultural significance. While modern lists offer a standardized selection, the origins of this practice trace back to ancient civilizations and evolving astrological beliefs. December, uniquely, boasts not one, but three primary birthstones: turquoise, Tanzanite, and blue topaz, with zircon also frequently included. These gems, each with its own distinct character and lore, represent a rich tapestry of human history and enduring symbolism. This article will explore the origins, properties, and cultural significance of these December birthstones, drawing upon historical accounts and modern understanding.
A History Rooted in Antiquity and Standardization
The earliest connections between gemstones and specific times of the year can be found in Mesopotamia, where stones were associated with deities and used in religious ceremonies. Babylonians, skilled in astrology, were among the first to link gems to the zodiac, a precursor to the birthstone tradition. The biblical Breastplate of Aaron, adorned with twelve stones representing the tribes of Israel, further solidified this association, with these stones later connected to the months of the year.
However, the modern practice of assigning a single gemstone to each month is a more recent development. The tradition evolved through the ancient Greeks and Romans, who associated gems with their gods and goddesses, and continued to develop through the 16th to 18th centuries. During this period, a list of “traditional birthstones” originated in Poland, assigning stones based on zodiac signs. It wasn’t until 1912 that the National Association of Jewelers in the United States released a standardized list of “modern birthstones,” solidifying the practice as it is known today. This standardization was, in part, driven by marketability, aligning birthstones with commercially available gems.
Turquoise: A Stone of Protection and Affection
Turquoise, with its distinctive robin’s egg blue hue, is a long-standing December birthstone. Its history extends back millennia, with evidence of its use dating back to ancient civilizations. The stone’s name itself is derived from the French phrase “pierre turquoise,” meaning “Turkish stone,” reflecting the fact that much of the early turquoise trade passed through Turkey.
Turquoise has long been valued for its perceived protective qualities. Historically, it was believed to safeguard against negative energies and bring good fortune to its wearer. This belief is deeply rooted in various cultures, and the stone continues to be regarded as a symbol of protection and healing.
Tanzanite: A Recent Discovery with Rapid Appeal
Tanzanite is a relatively recent addition to the birthstone family, discovered in Tanzania in 1967. Its rich blue-purple coloration quickly captivated the gem world, and it was officially recognized as a December birthstone in 2002. The gem’s unique pleochroism – displaying different colors when viewed from different angles – adds to its allure.
Unlike many other birthstones with ancient histories, Tanzanite’s story is one of modern discovery and rapid appreciation. Its limited source, found only in a small area near Mount Kilimanjaro, contributes to its rarity and value.
Blue Topaz: Fire and Affection in a Cool Hue
Blue topaz, another December birthstone, derives its name from the Greek word “topazion,” meaning fire. While early historical references associated topaz with protection and safeguarding loved ones, modern interpretations link the stone to love and affection. Blue topaz is often created through irradiation and heat treatment of colorless or faintly colored natural topaz, enhancing its sky-bluish appearance.
Topaz is mined in various locations, including the United States, China, Mexico, and Russia. The most popular variations of blue topaz used in jewelry include London Blue, Swiss Blue, and Sky Blue topaz, each offering a unique shade within the blue spectrum.
Gemological Properties at a Glance
While each of these December birthstones possesses unique characteristics, a comparison of their key gemological properties provides a clearer understanding of their individual qualities.
| Gemstone | Color | Mohs Hardness | Chemical Formula |
|---|---|---|---|
| Turquoise | Blue to Green | 5-6 | CuAl6(PO4)4(OH)8·4H2O |
| Tanzanite | Blue-Violet | 6.5-7 | Ca2Al3(SiO4)3(OH) |
| Blue Topaz | Blue | 8 | Al2SiO4(OH,F)2 |
The Mohs hardness scale indicates a gemstone’s resistance to scratching. Turquoise, being the softest of the three, requires more careful handling. Topaz, with a hardness of 8, is significantly more durable.
Symbolism and Zodiac Connections
Beyond their aesthetic appeal, these December birthstones carry symbolic meanings and connections to the zodiac. While traditional birthstone lists were initially tied to zodiac signs, modern interpretations often offer both birth month and zodiac-specific stones.
For those born under the sign of Sagittarius (November 22 – December 21), blue topaz is often considered an astrological gemstone. For Capricorns (December 22 – January 19), blue topaz also holds significance. Ancient astrologers believed that gemstones reflected the influence of the planets and constellations, bringing wearers closer to the heavens. The association of gemstones with personality traits and constellations continues to resonate with many today.
Care and Maintenance
Proper care is essential to maintain the beauty and longevity of these December birthstones. Turquoise, due to its relative softness, is susceptible to scratching and should be stored separately from harder gemstones. Cleaning turquoise involves using only mild soap and warm water, avoiding harsh chemicals or ultrasonic cleaners.
Tanzanite and blue topaz are more durable but still require careful handling. These gems can be cleaned with warm soapy water and a soft brush. Avoid exposing them to extreme temperatures or harsh chemicals. Regular cleaning will help preserve their brilliance and luster.
The Evolving Tradition of Birthstones
The story of birthstones is one of continuous evolution, shaped by cultural exchange, astrological beliefs, and commercial influences. From the ancient association of gems with deities and tribes to the modern standardization by jewelers, the tradition has adapted and endured. Today, birthstones remain a popular way to personalize jewelry, celebrate milestones, and connect with a rich history of symbolism and lore. The December birthstones – turquoise, Tanzanite, and blue topaz – each contribute to this enduring legacy, offering a spectrum of beauty and meaning for those born in the final month of the year.