Alexandrite is a highly prized and exceptionally rare gemstone, recognized as a modern birthstone for the month of June alongside pearl and moonstone. Its captivating ability to change color under different lighting conditions – appearing green or bluish-green in daylight and red or purplish-red under incandescent light – has cemented its place as a gemstone of significant value and enduring mystique. This unique phenomenon, known as the ‘alexandrite effect,’ coupled with its historical connection to Russian royalty, contributes to its desirability among collectors and jewelry enthusiasts.
History and Lore
The story of alexandrite begins in the Ural Mountains of Russia in the early 19th century. While some accounts suggest the stone may have been discovered as early as the late 1700s, the generally accepted account places its formal discovery around 1833. Miners initially mistook the gemstone for emerald, but further investigation by Finnish mineralogist Nils Gustaf Nordenskiöld revealed it to be a distinct and previously unknown mineral.
The gemstone was named in 1834 in honor of the then-young Crown Prince Alexander II of Russia, who would later become Czar. The choice of name was particularly fitting as the stone’s red and green hues mirrored the colors of the Russian imperial military uniform, solidifying its association with the nation’s heritage and the royal family. This connection to the Czars undoubtedly enhanced the gem’s prestige and desirability.
Historically, alexandrite has been associated with prosperity, good luck, and harmony. It was often worn as an amulet believed to bring good fortune and encourage romance. Beyond good luck, the stone was thought to increase happiness, self-esteem, and confidence, and to provide emotional balance. Some believed it offered greater awareness of nature’s interconnectedness and reminded individuals of their purpose in life. It was also considered to bring success in speculative endeavors.
Geological Formation and Sources
Alexandrite belongs to the chrysoberyl family, a beryllium aluminum oxide mineral. Its remarkable color-changing ability is attributed to the presence of trace amounts of chromium within its crystal structure. Chromium is also the element responsible for the green color of emeralds. The formation of alexandrite requires a unique combination of minerals and geological conditions, making it exceptionally rare.
The original and most historically significant source of alexandrite was the Ural Mountains of Russia, specifically the emerald mines near Ekaterinburg. However, the Russian supply has diminished considerably over time. Today, alexandrite is also found in Sri Lanka and Brazil, though these sources often yield stones with less pronounced color change than those originally found in Russia. The limited supply continues to contribute to its high value and desirability.
Gemological Properties
Alexandrite is a remarkably durable gemstone, registering 8.5 on the Mohs scale of hardness. This makes it suitable for use in a variety of jewelry settings. It is a pleochroic gem, meaning it exhibits different colors when viewed from different angles, even under the same lighting conditions.
The most defining characteristic of alexandrite is its color change. Under daylight or fluorescent light, it typically displays a green to bluish-green hue. However, when exposed to incandescent light, such as that from a traditional light bulb, it transforms to a red, purplish-red, or raspberry color. The more vivid and distinct this color change, the more valuable the stone.
While specific chemical formulas and refractive indices are not provided in the available sources, alexandrite’s composition is known to be beryllium aluminum oxide (BeAl₂O₄) with chromium impurities. The value of alexandrite is determined by a combination of factors, including the intensity of its color change, its clarity, cut, and carat weight.
| Property | Description |
|---|---|
| Mineral Family | Chrysoberyl |
| Hardness (Mohs) | 8.5 |
| Color Change | Green/Blue-Green (daylight) to Red/Purple (incandescent) |
| Composition | Beryllium Aluminum Oxide (BeAl₂O₄) with Chromium |
| Rarity | Extremely Rare |
Symbolism and Metaphysical Beliefs
Alexandrite’s symbolism is deeply rooted in its history and unique properties. Its association with the Russian imperial family lends it an air of regal elegance and prestige. The color-changing phenomenon is often linked to balance and adaptability, reflecting the duality of life and emotions.
Beyond its historical and cultural significance, alexandrite is believed to possess metaphysical properties. It is said to bring love, luck, and good fortune to its wearer. It is also thought to enhance mental clarity, perception, and memory, as well as improve verbal skills and communication. Some believe it encourages self-discipline while simultaneously fostering joy and emotional balance.
Use in Jewelry Today and Distinguishing Genuine Stones
Today, alexandrite is primarily used in high-end jewelry pieces due to its rarity and value. Jewelers often set small, high-quality faceted alexandrite gems into ornate designs, such as pendants, rings, earrings, and studs, frequently accented with diamonds. It is a popular choice for special occasion gifts, particularly for those born in June or celebrating a 55th wedding anniversary, a tradition that recognizes the enduring and evolving nature of a long-lasting marriage.
Given its value, it is crucial to be able to distinguish genuine alexandrite from synthetic or treated stones. The most reliable method is to have the stone graded and certified by a reputable gemological laboratory, such as the Gemological Institute of America (GIA) or the American Gem Society (AGS). These laboratories have the expertise and equipment to accurately assess the stone’s authenticity and quality.
Conclusion
Alexandrite remains one of the most captivating and sought-after gemstones in the world. Its unique color-changing ability, coupled with its rich history and association with Russian royalty, has secured its place as a gemstone of enduring value and mystique. As a modern birthstone for June and a traditional gift for a 55th wedding anniversary, alexandrite continues to symbolize balance, harmony, and enduring love. Its rarity ensures that it will remain a prized possession for generations to come.