The gemstone turquoise holds a unique place in both historical lore and modern jewelry trends. While traditionally associated with December, its significance extends far beyond a single birth month, deeply rooted in ancient beliefs and experiencing a notable revival in the 1970s. This article will explore the history, cultural importance, and modern resurgence of turquoise, drawing upon available information regarding its origins, symbolism, and place in the world of gemstones.
History and Lore
The origins of associating gemstones with specific months trace back to ancient times, most notably the Biblical Breastplate of Aaron, which featured twelve distinct gemstones. Over centuries, these stones became linked to the months of the year and zodiac signs, evolving from sacred relics to personal symbols of luck and protection. Turquoise, however, boasts a history predating this formalized association. Native Americans had long utilized the stone for its perceived spiritual, mystical, and healing properties, centuries before its widespread adoption as a birthstone.
Roman scholar Pliny the Elder, in ancient times, described opals, but the sentiment applies to turquoise as well – a stone imbued with rich cultural pasts of lore and legend. The Romans themselves valued turquoise, ranking it second only to emeralds and believing it symbolized hope and purity. Ancient Greeks associated the stone with prophecy. The very name “opal” derives from “opalus,” meaning “to see a change in color,” a characteristic also found in many varieties of turquoise.
Modern Standardization and Revival
The practice of assigning a single gemstone to each month is a relatively modern concept. While customs evolved over time, a standardized list wasn’t established until 1912 by the National Association of Jewelers in the United States. This list combined existing traditions, ensuring practicality for American jewelers. The list was later modified in 1952 by the Jewelry Industry Council of America, adding several gemstones to different months.
The 1970s witnessed a strong revival of Native American jewelry, particularly Zuni turquoise. Styles of the decade included turquoise inlaid silver rings, dangling earrings, and Southwestern turquoise cuffs. These pieces have since become vintage and collectible, demonstrating the enduring appeal of the stone. Today, turquoise is frequently set in rich gold, becoming a versatile gem for all types of birthstone jewelry.
Geological Formation and Sources
The provided sources do not detail the geological formation of turquoise or specific mining locations.
Gemological Properties
The provided sources do not contain information regarding the gemological properties of turquoise, such as its chemical composition, hardness, or refractive index.
Symbolism and Metaphysical Beliefs
Throughout history, turquoise has been considered a stone of good fortune, good health, and foresight. Native American cultures, in particular, held deep spiritual beliefs surrounding the stone, utilizing it for its perceived healing and mystical properties. The Romans associated it with hope and purity, while the Ancient Greeks believed it brought prophetic abilities. These beliefs contribute to the stone’s enduring appeal as a symbol of protection and positive energy.
Care and Cleaning
The provided sources do not contain information regarding the care and cleaning of turquoise.
Turquoise in Jewelry
Today, turquoise is widely used in various forms of jewelry, including rings, bracelets, necklaces, and earrings. It is often combined with silver or gold, creating striking and versatile pieces. The stone’s popularity extends to both antique and modern jewelry collectors, making it an ideal gem for birthstone jewelry and personalized gifts. The ability to combine birthstones to represent family members further enhances its appeal as a meaningful and customizable gift option.
October’s Opal and its Historical Significance
While the focus is on turquoise, the provided sources also briefly discuss opal, October’s birthstone. Opal, with its fiery luminescence and changing hues, has also captivated artists and writers throughout history. Described by Pliny the Elder as possessing a “softer fire than the ruby,” opal was prized for its beauty and believed to bring good fortune. The name “opal” itself comes from the Greek word “opalus,” meaning “to see a change in color.”
Modern and Traditional Birthstone Lists
The concept of birthstones has evolved over time, resulting in both traditional and modern lists. The traditional list, originating in Poland during the 16th to 18th centuries, differs from the modern list established by the National Association of Jewelers in 1912. For December, the traditional list includes turquoise and lapis lazuli, while the modern list offers blue zircon, blue topaz, and tanzanite. Individuals often choose between the two lists based on personal preference and aesthetic appeal.
Conclusion
Turquoise stands as a testament to the enduring power of gemstones and their connection to human history and belief. From its ancient origins in Native American spirituality to its revival in the 1970s and continued popularity today, turquoise remains a cherished and versatile gem. Its symbolism of good fortune, health, and foresight, combined with its striking beauty, ensures its place as a significant and meaningful gemstone for generations to come. While the provided sources offer a glimpse into its rich history and cultural significance, further research is needed to fully understand its geological properties and care requirements.