Birthstone jewelry holds a special significance, representing a person’s birth month and believed to bring good fortune. Each month is associated with a specific gemstone, and their value varies considerably. This article explores the most expensive and rarest birthstones, detailing their properties, historical context, and the factors contributing to their high price. The focus will be on diamonds, rubies, emeralds, and other precious stones, providing insight into the world of valuable gemstones.
History and Lore
The tradition of associating gemstones with specific birth months dates back centuries, though the modern list evolved over time. Originally, the association was often linked to the zodiac signs rather than calendar months. The practice of wearing birthstones was believed to bestow the stone’s properties upon the wearer, offering protection, health, and prosperity. While the specific lore varies between cultures, the underlying belief in the power of gemstones remains consistent. Diamonds, rubies, and emeralds, consistently ranked among the most valuable, have long been symbols of power, love, and vitality in various civilizations.
Geological Formation and Sources
The formation of these precious gemstones requires unique geological conditions. Diamonds, composed of pure carbon, are formed deep within the Earth’s mantle under immense pressure and heat. They are brought to the surface through volcanic eruptions. Rubies, a variety of the mineral corundum, derive their vibrant red color from chromium content and form in metamorphic rocks. Emeralds, a form of beryl, are created through hydrothermal processes involving beryllium and chromium, often found in pegmatites and metamorphic rocks.
Historically, the Ural Mountains of Russia were a significant source of alexandrite, discovered in 1830, coinciding with the birthday of Czar Alexander II, hence the name. Diamonds are sourced from various locations globally, with significant mines in Africa, Russia, and Canada. Rubies are primarily found in Myanmar (Burma), Mozambique, and Thailand. Emeralds are sourced from Colombia, Zambia, and Brazil. The origin of a gemstone can significantly impact its value, with certain locations known for producing stones of exceptional quality.
Gemological Properties
The value of a birthstone is determined by the “4Cs”: Color, Cut, Clarity, and Carat.
Diamond: As April’s birthstone, the diamond is the hardest natural substance on Earth, registering a 10 on the Mohs scale. It is composed of pure carbon and is renowned for its brilliance, sparkle, and high refractive index. Diamonds are typically colorless, but “fancy color” diamonds, such as pink, blue, and red, are exceptionally rare and valuable. Colorless diamonds are graded on a scale from D (colorless) to Z (light yellow or brown), with D being the most desirable. Clarity refers to the absence of inclusions (internal flaws) and blemishes (external flaws).
Ruby: July’s birthstone, the ruby, is the hardest gemstone after diamond, also scoring a 9 on the Mohs scale. Its vibrant red color is due to the presence of chromium. Fine rubies are transparent with minimal inclusions.
Emerald: May’s birthstone, the emerald, is a variety of beryl and typically ranges from 7.5 to 8 on the Mohs scale. Its green color is caused by trace amounts of chromium and vanadium. Emeralds often contain inclusions, known as “jardin” (garden in French), which are considered acceptable and even contribute to the stone’s character.
Alexandrite: A variety of chrysoberyl, alexandrite is June’s birthstone and exhibits a unique color-changing property, appearing bluish-green in daylight and purplish-red in incandescent light.
Here's a table summarizing the Mohs hardness scale for some birthstones:
| Birthstone | Month | Mohs Scale |
|---|---|---|
| Diamond | April | 10 |
| Sapphire | September | 9 |
| Ruby | July | 9 |
| Topaz | November | 8 |
| Aquamarine | March | 7.5–8 |
| Garnet | January | 6.5–7.5 |
| Amethyst | February | 7 |
| Peridot | August | 6.5–7 |
| Opal | October | 5.5–6.5 |
| Pearl | June | 2.5–4.5 |
Symbolism and Metaphysical Beliefs
Throughout history, gemstones have been imbued with symbolic meanings. Diamonds symbolize eternal love, strength, invincibility, and purity. Rubies represent passion, love, vitality, energy, courage, and protection. Emeralds are associated with rebirth, growth, and prosperity. Citrine symbolizes joy, abundance, and prosperity, while amethyst represents peace, clarity, and spiritual growth. Topaz symbolizes love, affection, and strength. Tourmaline represents creativity, love, and healing. These symbolic associations contribute to the enduring appeal of birthstone jewelry.
Market Value and Ranking
The most expensive birthstones are considered “precious stones” due to their rarity and exceptional beauty. Diamonds consistently top the list, with prices ranging from $3,000 to $11,000 per carat. Rubies follow closely, valued between $3,000 and $10,000 per carat. Emeralds typically range from $3,000 to $7,000 per carat. Alexandrite, known for its color-changing properties, can fetch between $2,500 and $3,000 per carat. Sapphires are valued between $1,000 and $3,500 per carat.
The ranking of birthstones by value, from most to least expensive, is as follows:
- Diamond (April)
- Ruby (July)
- Emerald (May)
- Sapphire (September)
- Alexandrite (June)
- Aquamarine (March)
- Peridot (August)
- Garnet (January)
- Blue Topaz (December)
- Tourmaline (October)
- Amethyst (February)
- Citrine (November)
It’s important to note that these prices are estimates and can vary significantly based on the gemstone’s quality, size, and market fluctuations.
Care and Cleaning
The hardness of a gemstone dictates its susceptibility to scratching and damage. Diamonds, being the hardest, are relatively durable and can be cleaned with warm soapy water and a soft brush. Rubies and sapphires, also quite hard, can be cleaned similarly. Emeralds, being more fragile, require gentler cleaning methods, avoiding harsh chemicals and ultrasonic cleaners. Softer stones like pearls and opals require specialized care and should be cleaned with a soft cloth and mild soap. Regular cleaning helps maintain the brilliance and beauty of birthstone jewelry.
Conclusion
The world of birthstones is a fascinating blend of geological science, historical lore, and cultural significance. The most expensive birthstones – diamonds, rubies, and emeralds – represent the pinnacle of gemstone value, prized for their rarity, beauty, and enduring symbolism. Understanding the properties, origins, and care requirements of these precious gems allows for a deeper appreciation of their unique qualities and the enduring allure of birthstone jewelry. The value of a birthstone is determined by a combination of factors, including color, clarity, cut, carat weight, and origin, making each gemstone a unique and treasured possession.