Sapphire, the captivating birthstone for September, has been revered for millennia for its beauty, durability, and profound symbolism. Belonging to the corundum family, which also includes ruby, sapphire presents a remarkable spectrum of colors, though it is most widely recognized for its classic blue hues. This gemstone has adorned royalty, inspired spiritual beliefs, and served as a symbol of fidelity, truth, and nobility throughout history. This article will delve into the history, geological origins, gemological properties, and cultural significance of this remarkable gem.
History and Lore
The history of sapphire is deeply interwoven with the beliefs and practices of ancient civilizations. As early as ancient Greece and Rome, blue sapphires were believed to offer protection from harm and envy. Ancient Greeks, when seeking guidance, would consult oracles while wearing sapphires. Medieval Europeans attributed healing powers to the stone, believing it could cure plague boils and eye diseases, and even act as an antidote to poison. Clerics of the Middle Ages favored sapphires, associating the gem with Heaven and wearing them as a symbol of their faith.
Ancient Persians held a particularly striking belief, positing that the earth rested upon a giant sapphire, which was responsible for the blue color of the sky. This reverence for the stone extended into religious practices; Buddhists believed sapphires promoted spiritual enlightenment, while in Islam, sapphires were among the precious stones adorning the seven heavens.
A fascinating, though potentially inaccurate, historical claim suggests that the Ten Commandments were inscribed on tablets of sapphire. While modern historians now believe the blue gemstone referenced in biblical texts was more likely lapis lazuli, the enduring association of sapphire with divine law and wisdom highlights its esteemed status.
The sapphire’s association with royalty is particularly strong. Throughout history, the elite have cherished sapphires, adorning themselves with the gem as a symbol of power and prestige. Classical violet-blue sapphires were traditionally sourced from the Kashmir region of India during the late 19th and early 20th centuries, and a sapphire from Kashmir set a world record price-per-carat in 2015, selling for $242,000 per carat.
Geological Formation and Sources
Sapphires are formed through a complex geological process involving high pressure and temperature. They crystallize from aluminum oxide (corundum) in metamorphic and igneous rocks. The presence of trace elements, such as iron and titanium, is responsible for the characteristic blue color of most sapphires. Different trace elements create the “fancy colored” sapphires, resulting in hues like pink, yellow, green, orange, and purple.
Historically, Kashmir, India, was a significant source of prized violet-blue sapphires. However, Australia was a major producer until the discovery of substantial deposits in Madagascar during the 1990s. Currently, Madagascar leads the world in sapphire production. Sri Lanka is also a notable source, particularly for star sapphires – gems exhibiting a phenomenon called asterism, a star-like effect caused by intersecting needle-like inclusions. Notable star sapphires, such as the Star of Adam (1404.49 carats), the Star of India (563.4 carats), and the Star of Bombay (182 carats), originate from Sri Lankan mines.
Gemological Properties
Sapphires are renowned for their exceptional hardness, ranking nine on the Mohs scale. This makes them highly durable and suitable for everyday wear. Only diamonds, with a Mohs hardness of ten, are harder. Sapphires have a chemical composition of aluminum oxide (Al₂O₃).
While blue is the most recognized color, sapphires occur in a wide range of hues. Sapphires with a predominately blue color are simply referred to as “sapphire,” while other colors are designated as “fancy colored” sapphires, such as “purple sapphire” or “green sapphire.” The color of a sapphire is evaluated based on its hue, tone, and saturation.
The term “sapphire” refers to the gem species corundum, with red corundum being classified as ruby. Sapphires are part of the “Big Three” of colored gemstones, alongside rubies and emeralds, signifying their importance in the gem world. A high-quality 1-carat blue sapphire can cost between $3000 and $5000, though prices fluctuate.
| Property | Description |
|---|---|
| Mineral | Corundum (Aluminum Oxide) |
| Chemical Formula | Al₂O₃ |
| Hardness (Mohs) | 9 |
| Color | Blue (most common), various fancy colors |
| Luster | Vitreous (glassy) |
| Crystal System | Trigonal |
Symbolism and Metaphysical Beliefs
Throughout history, sapphire has been imbued with rich symbolism. Traditionally, it represents sincerity, truth, faithfulness, and nobility. The association with Heaven and divine favor dates back to the Middle Ages, with clerics wearing sapphires to symbolize their connection to the spiritual realm.
Sapphires are also believed to possess metaphysical properties. Buddhists associated the gem with spiritual enlightenment, while some believed it could promote inner peace. The stone was thought to have healing powers, capable of curing various ailments.
The deep blue color of sapphire often evokes feelings of tranquility, wisdom, and serenity. It is considered a stone of protection, shielding its wearer from negative energies and promoting clarity of thought.
Care and Cleaning
Due to their exceptional hardness, sapphires are relatively durable and can withstand everyday wear. However, proper care is essential to maintain their brilliance. Sapphires can be cleaned using warm, soapy water and a soft brush. Avoid harsh chemicals or abrasive cleaners, as these can damage the gemstone.
While highly durable, sapphires are not impervious to damage. Avoid exposing them to sudden temperature changes or impacts, as this could cause fractures. Regular cleaning and careful handling will ensure that a sapphire retains its beauty for generations.
Conclusion
Sapphire stands as a testament to the enduring allure of gemstones. From its ancient origins steeped in mythology and spirituality to its modern status as a beloved birthstone and jewelry staple, sapphire continues to captivate and inspire. Its exceptional durability, stunning colors, and rich symbolism make it a truly remarkable gem, worthy of its place among the world’s most treasured treasures. For those born in September, or simply admirers of its beauty, the sapphire offers a timeless connection to history, luxury, and the enduring power of nature.