The August birthstone, peridot, is a gemstone that stands out for its vibrant and unique color. Known for its brilliant green hues, peridot is one of the few gemstones that occur in only one color—although the intensity and shade of green can vary based on the amount of iron in its crystal structure. This captivating gemstone has been cherished for thousands of years, with its use dating back to ancient Egypt around 1500 BC. In this article, we will explore the history, geological properties, cultural significance, and care of peridot, as well as its role as a birthstone for those born in the month of August.
History and Lore
Peridot has a rich history that spans across different cultures and eras. The ancient Egyptians referred to peridot as the “gem of the sun,” believing it to be a powerful talisman that could protect against nightmares and bring confidence, health, and positive energy. The Egyptians sourced their peridot from the volcanic island of Zabargad in the Red Sea, which remained a significant source of peridot until the early 20th century. This island, also known as St. John’s Island, was known for its deposits of peridot embedded in volcanic rock.
During the Middle Ages, peridot was highly valued by European royalty and clergy. It was often used to decorate church altars and clerical robes. The stone's popularity continued through the Victorian era, where it was frequently used in jewelry. Some historians speculate that Cleopatra’s famous emerald collection may have been comprised of peridot rather than emerald. This theory is supported by the fact that the Shrine of the Three Holy Kings in Germany’s Cologne Cathedral is decorated with 200 carats of gems that were believed to be emeralds but are, in fact, peridot.
Peridot was also revered in medieval times, with the green stone adorning shrines. The gemstone has been associated with various beliefs and legends. One such legend ties peridot to the tears of the volcano goddess Pele. In Hawaii, peridot is often associated with prosperity and good fortune. These associations reflect the gemstone’s enduring appeal and the positive attributes it has been ascribed throughout history.
Geological Formation and Sources
Peridot is a form of olivine, a mineral that is formed deep within the Earth's mantle and brought to the surface through volcanic activity. The gemstone is known for being formed under extreme conditions, as it can be found in the hardened lava that carried it from deep within the Earth’s mantle. Peridot can also be found in meteorites that have traveled from outer space, making it one of the few gemstones that can be found both on Earth and in space.
The presence of iron in the crystal structure of peridot determines the intensity and shade of its green color. Peridot is unique in that it is found in only one color, although varying quantities of iron can result in yellowish-green to olive to brownish-green shades. The gemstone measures 6.5 to 7 on the Mohs hardness scale, which makes it relatively durable for a gemstone. However, it is still important to handle peridot with care, especially when it is set in jewelry.
Peridot is primarily found in volcanic rocks and is often associated with basalt and other igneous rocks. Major sources of peridot include the United States, particularly in Arizona, where the gemstone is known as the state gemstone. Other significant sources of peridot include Afghanistan, China, Egypt, and Pakistan. These regions have been known for their deposits of peridot for centuries, and the gemstone continues to be mined in these areas today.
Gemological Properties
Peridot is known for its distinct green hue, which is a result of the presence of iron in its crystal structure. The gemstone is one of the few that occur in only one color, although the intensity and tint of the green can vary. Peridot is a form of olivine, a mineral that is composed of magnesium, iron, and silica. The chemical formula for peridot is (Mg, Fe)₂SiO₄, which reflects its composition of magnesium and iron.
The refractive index of peridot ranges from 1.65 to 1.69, which is relatively high for a gemstone. This refractive index contributes to the gemstone's brilliance and luster when it is cut and polished. Peridot is typically cut into a variety of shapes, including round, oval, cushion, and emerald cuts. The gemstone is often set in silver, gold, or platinum, which complements its vibrant green color and enhances its beauty.
Peridot has a vitreous luster, which means it has a glass-like appearance. The gemstone is also known for its inclusions, which are small imperfections that are often visible to the naked eye. These inclusions are considered part of the gemstone's character and are not typically seen as flaws. Peridot is also known for its pleochroism, which means that it can exhibit different colors when viewed from different angles. This property adds to the gemstone's visual appeal and makes it a unique choice for jewelry.
Symbolism and Metaphysical Beliefs
Peridot has long been associated with various symbolic meanings and metaphysical beliefs. In ancient Egypt, peridot was believed to protect against nightmares and bring confidence, health, and positive energy. The gemstone was also thought to promote good fortune and prosperity, making it a popular choice for those who wanted to attract these qualities into their lives.
In medieval times, peridot was used in jewelry and was believed to have healing properties. The gemstone was thought to have the ability to cure various ailments and to provide protection against negative energies. Peridot was also believed to have the power to bring clarity and insight, making it a popular choice for those who sought wisdom and understanding.
In modern times, peridot continues to be associated with positive attributes. The gemstone is often used in jewelry to symbolize strength, courage, and resilience. Peridot is also believed to promote emotional healing and to help individuals overcome negative emotions such as anger and fear. The gemstone is often used in meditation and is believed to help individuals connect with their inner selves and achieve a sense of inner peace.
Care and Cleaning
Proper care and cleaning are essential to maintaining the beauty and longevity of peridot. Due to its relatively low hardness on the Mohs scale, peridot should be handled with care to avoid scratches and other damage. When cleaning peridot, it is important to use gentle methods to avoid damaging the gemstone.
One of the safest ways to clean peridot is to use warm soapy water. The gemstone can be soaked in a solution of mild dish soap and warm water for a few minutes, and then gently scrubbed with a soft-bristled brush. After cleaning, the gemstone should be rinsed thoroughly with lukewarm water and dried with a soft cloth. This method is safe for peridot and will not cause any harm to the gemstone.
Ultrasonic and steam cleaners can also be used to clean peridot, but care should be taken to ensure that the gemstone is not exposed to excessive heat or pressure. Peridot is stable when exposed to light and chemicals, but high heat can cause some colors of the gemstone to fade. It is important to store peridot away from direct sunlight and to avoid exposing it to harsh chemicals or extreme temperatures.
When wearing peridot jewelry, it is important to avoid activities that could cause the gemstone to be subjected to impact or abrasion. Peridot should be stored separately from other gemstones to prevent scratches and damage. By following these care and cleaning guidelines, peridot can be enjoyed for many years and retain its beautiful green color and brilliance.
Conclusion
Peridot is a gemstone that has been cherished for thousands of years for its vibrant green color and positive attributes. From its ancient use in Egypt to its modern popularity as a birthstone, peridot has played a significant role in various cultures and eras. The gemstone’s unique geological properties, rich history, and symbolic meanings make it a valuable and meaningful choice for jewelry and other decorative items. By understanding the care and cleaning requirements of peridot, individuals can ensure that this beautiful gemstone remains a cherished part of their collection for generations to come.