Sapphire is widely recognized as the birthstone for September, a gem steeped in history, symbolism, and breathtaking beauty. For millennia, this captivating gemstone has been associated with royalty, faith, and wisdom, holding a prominent place in the lore of numerous cultures. While most commonly known for its rich blue hues, sapphire actually encompasses a spectrum of colors, each with its own unique appeal. This article will delve into the history, geological origins, gemological properties, and enduring significance of the September birthstone.
History and Lore
The history of sapphire is a long and illustrious one, stretching back to ancient civilizations. In ancient Greece and Rome, sapphire was believed to possess protective qualities, shielding its wearer from harm and envy. Ancient Persians held a particularly striking belief – that the earth rested upon a giant sapphire, and it was the reflection of this stone that gave the sky its blue color. This association with the heavens continued into the Middle Ages, where sapphire became a favored gem among the clergy, symbolizing Heaven and divine favor. Medieval Europeans also attributed healing powers to the stone, believing it could cure plague boils and eye diseases, and even serve as an antidote to poison.
Sapphire’s connection to royalty is equally enduring. Throughout history, the gem has adorned the robes and regalia of kings and queens, signifying nobility and power. The stone’s presence in coronation regalia and church treasures further cemented its status as a symbol of authority. The gem’s journey through history was also shaped by trade routes, with Sri Lanka being a significant source for over 2,000 years, supplying sapphires that traveled along the Silk Road to ancient Rome and Greece. The 19th century saw the discovery of Kashmir sapphires, renowned for their velvety cornflower blue color, sparking intense demand in Europe. Later, Burmese and Madagascan sapphires added further diversity to the world’s appreciation of this remarkable gem. Sapphires are also traditionally given to celebrate the 5th and 45th wedding anniversaries, and Star Sapphires mark the 65th.
Geological Formation and Sources
Sapphire belongs to the corundum family, a crystalline form of aluminum oxide. Its color arises from trace elements within its chemical structure; the presence of titanium and iron typically creates the characteristic blue hues. Interestingly, corundum in its pure form is colorless, and the presence of other elements dictates the final color of the gem. Red corundum is classified as ruby, while other colors – violet, purple, green, pink, yellow, grey, black, brown, and even clear – are considered “fancy color” sapphires. The rarest of these fancy sapphires is the padparadscha, a pinkish-orange variety derived from the Sinhalese word for lotus flower.
The formation of sapphire requires specific geological conditions. Crucially, the presence of silicone inhibits sapphire formation, making the gem relatively rare. Sapphires are typically found in metamorphic and igneous rocks. Historically, Sri Lanka has been a major source, with mining operations dating back over two millennia. Kashmir, Burma (Myanmar), and Madagascar are also significant sources, each producing sapphires with unique characteristics. Kashmir sapphires, in particular, are highly prized for their distinctive velvety blue color, a result of the geological conditions in which they formed.
Gemological Properties
Sapphires possess remarkable physical and optical properties. They register a 9 on the Mohs scale of hardness, making them exceptionally durable and suitable for everyday wear. This high hardness is second only to diamond, making sapphire an excellent choice for jewelry intended to last a lifetime.
Here's a summary of key gemological properties:
| Property | Description |
|---|---|
| Chemical Formula | Al₂O₃ (Aluminum Oxide) |
| Hardness (Mohs) | 9 |
| Crystal System | Trigonal |
| Specific Gravity | 3.99 – 4.00 |
| Refractive Index | 1.762 – 1.778 |
| Color | Typically blue, but also violet, purple, green, pink, yellow, grey, black, brown, and clear |
Sapphires can also exhibit a phenomenon known as color change, shifting in hue depending on the light source, ranging from blue to purple. This is a rare and highly valued characteristic.
Symbolism and Metaphysical Beliefs
Throughout history, sapphire has been imbued with rich symbolism. It is traditionally associated with sincerity, truth, faithfulness, and purity of the soul. The gem is believed to enhance mental clarity and focus, bringing peace and calmness to the wearer. Some believe it aids in achieving spiritual enlightenment.
Ancient traditions also suggest sapphires facilitated communication with the divine. Wearing a sapphire ring while consulting an oracle was thought to increase the likelihood of receiving a prophetic message. Beyond its spiritual associations, sapphire is also linked to protection, guarding against negative energies and promoting a sense of well-being. Alternative birthstones for September, Lapis Lazuli and Aventurine, also carry symbolic weight. Lapis Lazuli is associated with illumination, communication, and protection, while Aventurine, linked to the zodiac sign Virgo, represents abundance, empathy, and creativity.
Care and Cleaning
Due to its exceptional hardness, sapphire is a relatively durable gemstone. However, proper care is essential to maintain its brilliance and beauty. Sapphires can be safely cleaned using warm, soapy water and a soft brush. Avoid harsh chemicals, ultrasonic cleaners, and steam cleaners, as these can potentially damage the stone. It is also advisable to remove sapphire jewelry before engaging in strenuous activities to prevent scratches or impacts. Regular cleaning will help to remove dirt and oils, allowing the sapphire to sparkle and shine.
Conclusion
Sapphire remains a captivating and highly valued gemstone, embodying a rich history, profound symbolism, and exceptional beauty. From its ancient origins as a symbol of protection and divine connection to its modern status as a beloved birthstone and jewelry staple, sapphire continues to enchant and inspire. Its durability, coupled with its stunning array of colors, ensures its enduring appeal for generations to come. The September birthstone is more than just a beautiful gem; it is a testament to the enduring power of nature and the timeless allure of precious stones.