November is unique among the calendar months in possessing two recognized birthstones: topaz and citrine. Both gemstones offer a warm and inviting aesthetic, reflecting the transition towards winter in the Northern Hemisphere and embodying themes of divinity and spiritual connection. While topaz holds a longer historical association with the month, citrine has gained prominence as a more accessible and increasingly popular alternative. This article will explore the history, geological origins, gemological properties, symbolism, and care of these two captivating November birthstones.
History and Lore
The story of topaz extends back centuries, with its name potentially originating from the Sanskrit word tapas, meaning “fire,” or the Greek topazos, referencing a now-defunct island in the Red Sea. However, ancient references to topaz often likely described peridot, found on the island of Zabargad, which was frequently mistaken for topaz. Ancient Greeks believed topaz possessed the power to grant strength, while Europeans from the 1300s to the 1600s considered it a ward against magic spells and a calming influence against anger. In India, wearing topaz above the heart was thought to ensure a long life, beauty, and intelligence.
Citrine’s history is more closely tied to its relatively recent recognition as a November birthstone. It was officially added in 1912, largely as a more affordable option when imperial topaz, a particularly rare variety, became scarce. While not as steeped in ancient lore as topaz, citrine shares associations with prosperity and positive energy.
Geological Formation and Sources
Topaz is a silicate mineral containing aluminum and fluorine, forming in igneous rocks and often found in alluvial deposits. It crystallizes in prismatic forms and exhibits a wide range of colors, including colorless, yellow, orange, pink, violet, brown, and, rarely, red. The majority of blue topaz available today is created through irradiation and heating of colorless topaz, a permanent treatment that enhances its color. “Mystic Topaz,” displaying a rainbow effect, is produced by coating colorless topaz with a thin artificial film.
Citrine, a variety of quartz, derives its color from trace amounts of iron. It is closely related to amethyst, the purple variety of quartz. Interestingly, much of the citrine on the market is not naturally occurring. Instead, it is created by heat-treating smoky quartz, a widely accepted practice within the gem industry often performed on-site at mines. Natural citrine is rarer.
Gemological Properties
Both topaz and citrine possess distinct gemological properties that contribute to their beauty and durability.
Topaz:
- Chemical Formula: Al₂SiO₄(OH,F)₂
- Hardness (Mohs Scale): 8
- Crystal System: Orthorhombic
- Refractive Index: 1.606 – 1.627
- Specific Gravity: 3.49 – 3.57
- Color: Colorless, yellow, orange, pink, violet, brown, blue (often treated)
Citrine:
- Chemical Formula: SiO₂
- Hardness (Mohs Scale): 7
- Crystal System: Trigonal
- Refractive Index: 1.544 – 1.553
- Specific Gravity: 2.65
- Color: Yellow to orange
The Mohs hardness scale demonstrates that topaz, at 8, is slightly harder than citrine, at 7. This means topaz is more resistant to scratching. Both gemstones are relatively durable and suitable for a variety of jewelry settings.
| Property | Topaz | Citrine |
|---|---|---|
| Chemical Formula | Al₂SiO₄(OH,F)₂ | SiO₂ |
| Hardness (Mohs) | 8 | 7 |
| Crystal System | Orthorhombic | Trigonal |
| Specific Gravity | 3.49 – 3.57 | 2.65 |
Symbolism and Metaphysical Beliefs
Throughout history, both topaz and citrine have been attributed with various symbolic meanings and metaphysical properties. Topaz is often associated with trust, loyalty, and love, embodying calmness and clarity. Ancient cultures believed it could dispel enchantments and bring good fortune.
Citrine, with its sunny disposition, is linked to prosperity, abundance, and positive energy. It is believed to promote optimism and encourage creativity. Some associate citrine with the solar plexus chakra, believing it enhances personal power and confidence. November’s association with spirituality is reflected in the belief that these warm-colored stones help maintain a connection to light during the transition into darker months. For Scorpios, topaz is considered a particularly fitting birthstone, while Sagittarians are linked to tanzanite.
Care and Cleaning
Maintaining the beauty of topaz and citrine is relatively straightforward. Both gemstones can be cleaned using warm, soapy water and a soft brush. Avoid harsh chemicals or abrasive cleaners, as these could damage the surface. Due to its slightly lower hardness, citrine is more susceptible to scratches and should be stored carefully to prevent contact with harder materials. Prolonged exposure to direct sunlight can cause light lemon shades of citrine to fade, so storing jewelry out of direct sunlight when not worn is recommended.
Identifying Genuine Citrine
With much citrine being heat-treated amethyst, it’s important to know how to identify genuine material. A simple test involves swiping an acetone-damp cotton swab on the back of the stone. If the swab picks up color, it indicates the stone is dyed and not natural citrine. A natural citrine will remain clean.
Conclusion
Topaz and citrine, the birthstones of November, represent a beautiful pairing of historical significance and vibrant energy. While topaz boasts a rich and ancient legacy, citrine offers a more accessible and contemporary appeal. Both gemstones are valued for their warmth, durability, and symbolic meanings, making them cherished additions to any jewelry collection and meaningful gifts for those born in the eleventh month of the year. Their enduring popularity reflects a timeless appreciation for the beauty and power of these dynamic gemstones.