Tanzanite is a relatively recent addition to the world of recognized gemstones, yet it has quickly become a highly sought-after birthstone for December. Distinguished by its captivating violet-blue hues, this gem is celebrated for its beauty and rarity. Discovered in Tanzania in 1967, tanzanite is unique in that it is found in only one location worldwide, adding to its allure and value. This article will explore the history, geological origins, gemological properties, and cultural significance of tanzanite, providing a comprehensive overview of this remarkable gemstone.
The Discovery and Naming of Tanzanite
Prior to 1967, the gemstone known today as tanzanite was simply referred to as “blue zoisite.” Its story began in the Merelani Hills, near the foothills of Mount Kilimanjaro in Tanzania. The discovery is attributed to a Maasai tribesman, Manuel d’Souza, who stumbled upon the vibrant blue crystals. Recognizing the gem’s potential, d’Souza brought it to the attention of gemologist Ian Bruce, who initially misidentified it as sapphires.
However, the gem’s unique properties soon became apparent, and it was determined to be a variety of zoisite. Tiffany & Co., the renowned American jewelry company, played a pivotal role in popularizing the gemstone. They recognized its exceptional beauty and, seeking to capitalize on its Tanzanian origin, rebranded it as “tanzanite.” This strategic naming decision linked the gem inextricably to its place of origin, enhancing its appeal and establishing it as a unique and desirable gemstone.
Geological Formation and Sources
Tanzanite’s formation is a geological rarity. It is formed by the presence of calcium and silica, along with trace amounts of vanadium, within a specific metamorphic rock formation in the Merelani Hills of northern Tanzania. This geological setting is exceptionally limited, making tanzanite significantly rarer than many other gemstones. The gem is found within a relatively small area, approximately eight square kilometers, which contributes to its exclusivity.
Currently, Tanzania remains the sole source of tanzanite globally. Mining operations in the Merelani Hills extract the gemstone from deep within the earth, and it is then processed and distributed worldwide. The limited geographical source underscores the importance of responsible mining practices to ensure the long-term availability of this precious gem.
Gemological Properties
Tanzanite is a calcium aluminum silicate with the chemical formula Ca₂Al₃(SiO₄)₃(OH). It belongs to the zoisite mineral family. The gem exhibits a remarkable phenomenon known as trichroism, meaning it displays three different colors – blue, violet, and burgundy – depending on the viewing angle and lighting conditions. This pleochroism is a key characteristic of tanzanite and contributes to its captivating appearance.
While specific data regarding hardness and refractive index are not provided in the sources, tanzanite is generally considered to have a hardness of 6.5 to 7 on the Mohs scale. This makes it relatively durable, but still susceptible to scratches and damage from everyday wear. It is typically cut and faceted to maximize its brilliance and color, with popular cuts including oval, pear, and cushion shapes. The gem’s color is significantly affected by heat treatment, which is commonly used to enhance its blue and violet tones.
History and Lore
Although a relatively recent discovery, tanzanite has quickly gained cultural significance. While it lacks the extensive historical lore of gemstones like turquoise, which has been cherished for millennia, tanzanite has begun to accumulate its own symbolism. The Maasai people of Tanzania traditionally associated the gemstone with prosperity and good fortune, believing it was connected to the arrival of newborns.
Turquoise, another December birthstone, boasts a rich history. Valued by ancient civilizations such as the Egyptians and Native Americans, turquoise was used in jewelry, amulets, and ceremonial objects. The Apache tribe believed turquoise aided in accuracy when attached to bows or firearms, while Egyptians adorned themselves with it, and King Tut’s burial mask featured the gem prominently. Turquoise was thought to guarantee health and good fortune, and was believed to offer protection from harm.
Zircon, also a December birthstone, comes in a variety of colors, including blue, golden, red, and clear. Its sparkling appearance has often been compared to diamonds. Blue topaz, another December birthstone, is known for its icy blue clarity and calming energy.
Symbolism and Metaphysical Beliefs
The sources do not provide detailed information on specific metaphysical beliefs associated with tanzanite. However, as a blue gemstone, it is often associated with qualities such as tranquility, wisdom, and spiritual awareness. The vibrant violet hues can also symbolize dignity, creativity, and transformation.
Turquoise, in contrast, has long been associated with protection, healing, and good fortune. It was believed to ward off negative energy and promote overall well-being. Zircon is often linked to prosperity and wisdom, while blue topaz is thought to promote communication and self-expression.
Care and Cleaning
Due to its moderate hardness, tanzanite requires careful handling and cleaning. It is susceptible to scratches from harder materials, so it should be stored separately from diamonds and other abrasive gemstones. Cleaning tanzanite can be done with warm, soapy water and a soft brush. Avoid harsh chemicals, ultrasonic cleaners, and steam cleaners, as these can damage the gemstone. It is also advisable to have tanzanite jewelry professionally inspected and cleaned periodically to maintain its brilliance and integrity.
December Birthstone Options
Individuals born in December have a choice of four birthstones: blue topaz, blue zircon, tanzanite, and turquoise. Each gem offers a unique aesthetic and symbolism. Blue topaz is a popular choice for its bright, icy blue color, while turquoise offers a soft, sky-blue hue with earthy charm. Zircon provides a sparkling alternative, available in various colors, and tanzanite stands out with its captivating violet-blue shimmer. The choice ultimately depends on personal preference and the desired symbolism. The sources indicate that December 5th, 9th, 13th, 17th, 21st, 25th, and 29th are associated with tanzanite as a birthstone.
Conclusion
Tanzanite, the December birthstone, is a gemstone of exceptional beauty and rarity. Its unique geological origins, captivating color, and relatively recent discovery have contributed to its growing popularity among gem enthusiasts and jewelry lovers. While it lacks the extensive historical lore of some other gemstones, tanzanite is quickly establishing its own significance as a symbol of prosperity, transformation, and spiritual awareness. Its limited source and moderate hardness necessitate careful handling and maintenance, ensuring that this violet-blue gem continues to captivate for generations to come.