October is unique among the calendar months, boasting not one, but two recognized birthstones: opal and tourmaline. Both gems offer a dazzling array of colors and possess a rich history, making them meaningful and popular choices for those born in the tenth month of the year. This article will explore the origins, characteristics, and significance of these captivating gemstones.
History and Lore
Opal, the traditional October birthstone, has a long and storied past. Its name originates from the Sanskrit word “upala,” meaning “precious stone,” which evolved into “opalus” in Latin. Throughout history, ancient cultures attributed magical qualities to opals. Some believed they contained lightning, while others associated them with prophetic powers or protective energies.
Tourmaline, the modern October birthstone, has a more recent claim to the title. While its history stretches back centuries, its recognition as a primary birthstone for October is a 20th-century development. In the 1800s, the Empress Dowager Tzu-Hsi of China developed a particular fondness for pink tourmaline, acquiring nearly all the production from California mines. She was even buried with a pillow of the gem, and her remaining collection was crafted into intricate carvings.
The standardization of birthstones by the National Association of Jewellers in 1952 initially favored opal for October. However, concerns regarding its perceived femininity and durability led to the addition of tourmaline to the list, offering a wider selection for those seeking an October birthstone.
Geological Formation and Sources
Tourmaline is a complex borosilicate mineral that forms in a variety of geological environments. It occurs naturally in distinctive prism-like crystals with long hexagonal structures. The diverse range of elements present during its formation results in a remarkable spectrum of colors. Tourmaline was often mistaken for other gemstones due to its varied coloration; for example, red tourmaline (rubellite) was once believed to be ruby, as evidenced by the “Caesar’s Ruby” in the Russian crown jewels. Green tourmaline crystals discovered in Brazil during the 1500s were initially misidentified as emeralds. It wasn’t until the 19th century that tourmaline was formally recognized as a distinct mineral species.
Opal, unlike tourmaline, is a hydrated amorphous form of silica. Its “play-of-color”—the shifting rainbow effect within the gem—is a defining characteristic. This phenomenon is caused by the diffraction of light as it passes through microscopic spheres of silica within the opal. The origin of opal is often linked to volcanic activity, with deposits forming in cracks and voids in lava flows.
While specific source locations aren’t extensively detailed in the provided materials, the sources mention Brazil as a location for early tourmaline discoveries and California as a source for pink tourmaline favored by the Chinese Empress.
Gemological Properties
Tourmaline’s defining characteristic is its wide range of colors. It can be found in pinks, reds, greens, blues, and even multi-colored varieties known as watermelon tourmaline. Most jewelry-quality tourmaline consists primarily of the mineral elbaite.
Opal is equally renowned for its color play. It is difficult to describe the beauty of fine opal, as it is elusive and constantly shifting. Comparisons to volcanoes, galaxies, fireworks, jellyfish, and lightning are often used to convey its captivating appearance. The play-of-color is the most important factor in determining an opal’s value.
The provided sources do not contain specific details regarding the chemical formulas, refractive indices, or hardness levels of either opal or tourmaline.
Symbolism and Metaphysical Beliefs
Throughout history, both opal and tourmaline have been imbued with symbolic meaning. Opal was long valued as a symbol of purity, hope, and truth. Tourmaline’s many colors have been linked to artistic inspiration, perhaps due to its ability to inspire every mood.
Different colors of tourmaline are also associated with specific healing properties. Black tourmaline is believed to protect the wearer from negativity and increase self-confidence. Pink tourmaline embodies love, compassion, and gentleness, while green tourmaline is thought to promote courage, strength, and stamina. Tourmaline is also traditionally associated with the eighth wedding anniversary.
Care and Cleaning
The provided sources do not offer specific care and cleaning instructions for either opal or tourmaline. However, given the mention of concerns regarding opal’s durability, it can be inferred that it may require more careful handling than some other gemstones.
Conclusion
Opal and tourmaline, the birthstones of October, represent a captivating blend of history, beauty, and symbolism. Opal, with its ancient lore and mesmerizing play-of-color, remains a cherished traditional birthstone. Tourmaline, a more recent addition, offers a stunning spectrum of hues and a fascinating geological story. Both gems provide a meaningful and beautiful way to celebrate those born in the autumn month of October.