Those born in August are the fortunate few who have a choice of three stunning gemstones as their birthstone: peridot, spinel, and sardonyx. This trio of gems not only offers a diverse range of colors and characteristics but also carries with it a rich tapestry of history, symbolism, and geological intrigue. From the cosmic origins of peridot to the once-misidentified brilliance of spinel and the ancient legacy of sardonyx, August's birthstones reflect a fascinating interplay of science, culture, and tradition. This article delves into the unique attributes of each gemstone, their historical journey, and the significance they hold in both ancient and modern contexts.
History and Lore
The tradition of birthstones is deeply rooted in history, with its origins traced back to biblical times. The earliest recorded association of gemstones with months of the year appears in the Old Testament, where the High Priest's breastplate was adorned with twelve stones, each representing one of the twelve tribes of Israel. While the exact identities of these stones remain debated, the practice of linking gemstones to months and people persisted through the centuries.
The modern birthstone tradition, however, began to take shape in the 15th century, with variations evolving in Europe and North America. By the 20th century, the American National Association of Jewelers standardized a list of birthstones that is still widely recognized today. This list expanded in 2016 when the Gemological Institute of America (GIA) officially added spinel as the third August birthstone, acknowledging its growing popularity and aesthetic appeal.
Sardonyx – The Original August Birthstone
Sardonyx, the oldest of the three August birthstones, has a history that dates back over 4,000 years. Composed of two types of chalcedony—sard and onyx—sardonyx is characterized by its distinctive banding of brown or reddish-brown sard and white or black onyx. The gemstone was highly valued in ancient times, particularly by the Romans, who used it for seals, rings, and other ornamental purposes. Roman soldiers believed that sardonyx brought them good luck and protection, and it was also worn by the ancient Egyptians and Greeks as a symbol of prosperity, courage, and communication.
In the Old Testament, sardonyx is mentioned as one of the stones used in the High Priest's breastplate, reinforcing its spiritual and symbolic importance. Today, sardonyx is still cherished for its beauty and meaning. It is believed to enhance spiritual awareness, encourage open communication, and promote harmonious relationships in all aspects of life.
Peridot – The Cosmic Gem
Peridot, the second of August’s birthstones, has a long and storied history. Known as the yellowish green to greenish yellow gem variety of the mineral olivine, peridot has often been mistaken for other gems such as topaz and emerald. The Red Sea island of Topazios, which is believed to be the source of the name "topaz," actually produced peridot rather than the gem it is named after.
Peridot’s association with the sun dates back to ancient Egypt, where it was called the "gem of the Sun." The Egyptians believed peridot had healing powers and that it could ward off nightmares. The gemstone was also found in the Shrine of the Three Holy Kings in Cologne Cathedral, where 200 carats of what were believed to be emeralds were actually peridot. Some historians speculate that Cleopatra’s famous emerald collection may have been composed of peridot.
Peridot’s cosmic origins are particularly fascinating. It is one of the few gemstones that can be found in meteorites and volcanic lava, earning it the title of a "cosmic gem." Its formation under extreme conditions deep within the Earth's mantle, and even in outer space, adds to its allure and mystique.
Spinel – The Modern Addition
Spinel, the most recent addition to August’s birthstone lineup, was officially recognized in 2016. For centuries, red spinel was often mistaken for ruby, as the two gems share a strikingly similar appearance. This misidentification led to the underappreciation of spinel, despite its brilliance and beauty. As consumers began seeking alternatives to more traditional and often more expensive gems like ruby, spinel gained attention for its vibrant colors and durability.
Spinel comes in a wide range of hues, including red, pink, orange, and even blue. Its versatility and brilliance make it a popular choice for those who appreciate the aesthetic of ruby but desire a more affordable and unique gemstone. The addition of spinel to the August birthstone list reflects a modern appreciation for diversity and innovation in jewelry design.
Geological Formation and Sources
Understanding the geological origins of these gemstones provides insight into their rarity, beauty, and value. Each of the August birthstones forms under unique conditions and is found in specific locations around the world.
Peridot: A Gem from the Depths of the Earth and Space
Peridot is formed from the mineral olivine, which crystallizes from magma deep within the Earth’s mantle. The presence of iron in the mineral’s chemical composition is responsible for its characteristic green color. Peridot is often found in volcanic lava flows and is sometimes brought to the surface by volcanic activity. It can also be found in meteorites, making it one of the few gemstones with extraterrestrial origins.
The primary sources of peridot include Arizona, China, Egypt, and Pakistan. Arizona, in particular, is known for producing high-quality peridot, often referred to as "Arizona peridot," which is prized for its vivid green color. The gemstone is also found in Hawaii, where it is occasionally discovered in volcanic lava deposits.
Spinel: The Forgotten Beauty
Spinel is formed in metamorphic and igneous rocks and is found in a variety of colors depending on the trace elements present during its formation. Red and pink spinel, for example, get their color from chromium or iron, while blue spinel owes its hue to cobalt. The gemstone is often found in alluvial deposits, which means it is carried by water and deposited in riverbeds and other sedimentary environments.
Historically, spinel was mined in Burma (Myanmar), Sri Lanka, and Thailand. Today, significant sources include Vietnam, Tanzania, and Madagascar. The rediscovery of high-quality spinel deposits in these regions has led to a resurgence in the gemstone’s popularity, particularly among collectors and jewelry designers.
Sardonyx: A Stone of the Ancients
Sardonyx is a type of chalcedony, a cryptocrystalline form of quartz. It is formed through the deposition of silica-rich water in rock cavities and fissures, where it gradually solidifies into the banded patterns characteristic of sardonyx. The red and brown hues come from the presence of iron, while the white or black bands are due to the absence of impurities or the presence of other minerals.
Sardonyx has been mined in various parts of the world for thousands of years. Ancient sources included regions in the Mediterranean, such as Turkey and Italy, where the gemstone was used extensively in Roman jewelry and seals. Modern sources include India, Brazil, and the United States, where sardonyx is still mined for use in jewelry and ornamental objects.
Gemological Properties
Each of the August birthstones possesses unique gemological properties that contribute to their beauty and desirability. Understanding these properties—such as hardness, color, and refractive index—helps in appreciating the gems’ characteristics and their suitability for different types of jewelry.
Peridot
Peridot is a relatively soft gemstone with a hardness of 6.5 to 7 on the Mohs scale. While it is durable enough for everyday wear, it is not as tough as some other gemstones and requires careful handling. Its refractive index ranges from 1.65 to 1.70, giving it a moderate level of brilliance. The gemstone’s color is due to the presence of iron, with the finest peridots exhibiting a pure, vivid green without any brown or yellow undertones.
Peridot is known for its pleochroism, which means it can display different colors when viewed from different angles. This effect is more pronounced in larger stones and contributes to the gemstone’s visual interest.
Spinel
Spinel is a harder gemstone than peridot, with a hardness of 8 on the Mohs scale. This makes it more suitable for everyday wear and less prone to scratches and abrasions. Its refractive index is higher than peridot’s, ranging from 1.718 to 1.834, which gives it a more brilliant and fiery appearance. Spinel is also isotropic, meaning it does not exhibit pleochroism, and it has a vitreous luster that enhances its sparkle.
The gemstone’s color is highly variable, and its clarity is typically excellent, with few inclusions. High-quality spinel is transparent and free of visible flaws, making it ideal for faceting and use in fine jewelry.
Sardonyx
Sardonyx has a hardness of 6.5 to 7 on the Mohs scale, making it suitable for jewelry but requiring some care to prevent damage. As a type of chalcedony, it has a waxy to vitreous luster and a refractive index of around 1.53 to 1.54. The gemstone is typically translucent to opaque, with the banding patterns being one of its defining features.
Sardonyx is often cut into cabochons or beads, which allows the banding to be seen clearly. It is also used for carvings and cameos, where the contrast between the bands can be highlighted. The gemstone’s durability and affordability make it a popular choice for a wide range of jewelry styles.
Symbolism and Metaphysical Beliefs
The symbolic and metaphysical significance of the August birthstones has evolved over time, influenced by different cultures and historical periods. Each gemstone carries with it a set of meanings and associations that continue to resonate with people today.
Sardonyx: Strength and Protection
Sardonyx has long been associated with strength, protection, and confidence. In ancient times, it was believed to bring good luck and success in battle, and it was worn by Roman soldiers to ward off misfortune. The gemstone was also thought to promote self-control and discipline, helping the wearer to remain focused and determined.
In modern times, sardonyx is believed to enhance spiritual awareness, encourage open communication, and promote harmonious relationships. It is also associated with prosperity and courage, making it a popular choice for those seeking to overcome challenges and achieve their goals.
Peridot: Healing and Positivity
Peridot has been revered for its healing properties and its ability to bring positivity and joy. In ancient Egypt, it was believed to cure nightmares and protect the wearer from negative energies. The gemstone was also associated with the sun, symbolizing vitality, warmth, and life.
Today, peridot is considered a stone of renewal and transformation. It is believed to help release negative emotions, promote emotional balance, and encourage a sense of inner peace. The gemstone is also associated with good fortune and is often given as a gift to celebrate the 16th wedding anniversary.
Spinel: Passion and Clarity
Spinel is often associated with passion, clarity, and emotional balance. Its vibrant colors are thought to reflect the energy and enthusiasm of the wearer, and it is believed to help clear the mind and enhance focus. Red spinel, in particular, is associated with love, courage, and vitality.
The gemstone is also believed to promote self-confidence and self-expression, helping the wearer to communicate more effectively and assert themselves in both personal and professional settings. Spinel is often used in meditation and healing practices, where it is thought to help align the chakras and promote overall well-being.
Care and Cleaning
Proper care and maintenance are essential for preserving the beauty and longevity of the August birthstones. Each gemstone requires specific handling and cleaning methods to prevent damage and maintain its appearance.
Peridot
Peridot is a relatively soft gemstone and should be handled with care to avoid scratches and abrasions. It is not suitable for ultrasonic or steam cleaning, as these methods can cause damage. Instead, it should be cleaned with warm, soapy water and a soft brush to remove dirt and debris.
Peridot should also be stored separately from harder gemstones to prevent scratching. It is best to store it in a soft pouch or a lined jewelry box. Exposure to harsh chemicals and extreme temperatures should be avoided to prevent discoloration and damage.
Spinel
Spinel is a harder and more durable gemstone, making it suitable for everyday wear. It can be cleaned using ultrasonic or steam cleaners, which are effective in removing dirt and restoring its brilliance. However, it is always a good idea to consult with a professional jeweler before using these methods, especially if the gemstone is set in a delicate piece of jewelry.
Spinel should be stored in a cool, dry place to prevent fading or discoloration. It can be cleaned with a soft cloth or a jewelry polishing cloth to maintain its luster. Avoid exposing the gemstone to harsh chemicals and abrasive materials, which can dull its surface.
Sardonyx
Sardonyx is a durable gemstone that can be cleaned with mild soap and water. It is not sensitive to ultrasonic or steam cleaning, but it is always best to test a small area first to ensure that the method is safe for the specific piece of jewelry.
Sardonyx should be stored in a soft pouch or a lined jewelry box to prevent scratches. It is also advisable to avoid exposing the gemstone to harsh chemicals and extreme temperatures, which can affect its appearance over time. Regular cleaning and proper storage will help maintain the gemstone’s beauty and longevity.
Conclusion
The August birthstones—peridot, spinel, and sardonyx—represent a unique combination of beauty, history, and symbolism. Each gemstone has its own distinct characteristics and significance, making them valuable additions to any jewelry collection. Whether chosen for their aesthetic appeal, historical significance, or metaphysical properties, these gems offer a rich and diverse legacy that continues to captivate and inspire.
Peridot, with its cosmic origins and vibrant green color, is a symbol of renewal and positivity. Spinel, once mistaken for ruby, is a versatile and brilliant gemstone that adds a touch of elegance and sophistication to any piece of jewelry. Sardonyx, the original August birthstone, carries with it a long and storied history, reflecting the strength, protection, and communication it has been associated with for centuries.
For those born in August, these gemstones offer more than just a personal connection—they are a celebration of the month’s rich heritage and the enduring appeal of gemstones. Whether worn as a personal adornment, a meaningful gift, or a symbol of one’s birth month, the August birthstones are a testament to the beauty and significance of gemstones in our lives.