Turquoise, a captivating gem ranging in color from blue to green, holds a prominent position as a December birthstone. Cherished for millennia across diverse cultures, this semi-translucent to opaque gem is steeped in history, lore, and symbolic meaning. From adorning pharaohs to safeguarding travelers, turquoise has been revered for its perceived protective powers and association with good fortune. This article will delve into the history, geological origins, gemological properties, cultural significance, and care of this remarkable gemstone.
History and Lore
The history of turquoise is remarkably extensive, stretching back over 3,000 years. Evidence of its use has been found in ancient Egypt, where it embellished the funerary mask of King Tut, signifying its importance to rulers and nobility. Beyond Egypt, Chinese artisans were carving turquoise during the same period, demonstrating its early appeal across continents.
Throughout the 13th century in Europe, a belief arose that turquoise protected against falls, particularly from horses, and would even fracture upon the approach of disaster. This protective association continued in other cultures; in Tibet, turquoise is considered a national treasure believed to grant health, good fortune, and protection from evil. The gem also imparts peace to those who wear it, according to Tibetan tradition.
Native American cultures hold a particularly rich tapestry of beliefs surrounding turquoise. The Apache believed the gem could be located by following a rainbow to its end, while attaching turquoise to bows or firearms was thought to improve accuracy. The Pueblo people attributed the gem’s color to the sky itself, and the Hopi believed it was created by lizards scurrying across the earth. These beliefs highlight a deep connection to the natural world and the spiritual power attributed to the stone.
More recently, turquoise has found its place in modern traditions, serving as the designated gem for the 11th wedding anniversary. In European custom, gifting a turquoise ring carries the sentiment of “forget me not,” symbolizing enduring affection. A notable example of its modern appeal is the amethyst and turquoise necklace worn by Wallis Simpson, Duchess of Windsor, created by Cartier.
Geological Formation and Sources
Turquoise is a secondary mineral, meaning it forms from the alteration of existing minerals. It typically develops in arid regions, forming in the weathered rock of copper-rich areas. The presence of aluminum, phosphorus, and water are also crucial to its formation. The characteristic veins often seen within turquoise, known as matrix, are remnants of the host rock in which it formed.
Historically, the Nishapur district of Iran has been a significant source of turquoise for over 1,000 years. Turquoise from this region, prized for its even, intense blue color, is often referred to as “robin’s egg blue,” “sky blue,” or “Persian blue” – terms now used to describe turquoise of this color regardless of its origin.
In the United States, New Mexico was once the largest producer of turquoise, but today, Arizona and Nevada are the primary sources. Several mines within these states have become renowned for their unique turquoise varieties. The Kingman mine in Arizona is known for producing intense blue turquoise, while the now-closed Sleeping Beauty mine, also in Arizona, was a prolific producer of vivid blue turquoise for over four decades. Other mines, such as Dry Creek, Easter Blue, Emerald Valley, and Fox, contribute to the diverse range of turquoise available. The closure of the Sleeping Beauty mine in 2012 led to a significant increase in the value and desirability of its turquoise.
Gemological Properties
Turquoise is a semi-translucent to opaque gem exhibiting a range of colors, most notably blue and green. Variations in tone and intensity are common, with some stones displaying greenish-yellow hues. The presence of different elements within the stone contributes to the appearance of veins or “spider webs,” which can be brown or black in color.
While a precise chemical formula isn’t provided in the sources, turquoise is understood to be a hydrated copper aluminum phosphate. The gem typically has a waxy feel and can exhibit either a glassy or dull luster.
The sources do not provide information regarding hardness, refractive index, or specific gravity. However, the gem’s historical use in carvings and jewelry suggests a reasonable degree of durability.
Symbolism and Metaphysical Beliefs
Throughout history, turquoise has been imbued with a wealth of symbolic meaning. It is widely associated with protection, healing, and positive energy. Many cultures consider it a talisman of good fortune and creativity, enhancing spiritual well-being and inspiring balance.
Hindu mystics believed that beholding turquoise after observing a new moon would bring wealth. Native Americans valued turquoise as a sign of good luck, and its use in adornments was believed to enhance accuracy in hunting and warfare. The gem’s association with the sky in Pueblo beliefs further reinforces its connection to the spiritual realm.
The belief in turquoise’s protective qualities extends to practical applications; it was once commonly used on horse bridles, believed to prevent falls. The notion that the gem would break into pieces when disaster was imminent underscores its perceived ability to act as a warning system.
Care and Cleaning
The sources do not provide specific care instructions for turquoise. However, given its composition and relative softness (inferred from its historical use), gentle handling is recommended. Avoiding harsh chemicals, ultrasonic cleaners, and prolonged exposure to sunlight will help preserve its color and luster. Cleaning can be performed with a soft cloth and mild soapy water.
Conclusion
Turquoise stands as a testament to the enduring power of gemstones to captivate and inspire. Its rich history, spanning millennia and continents, is interwoven with tales of royalty, spirituality, and protection. From the tombs of ancient Egypt to the traditions of Native American tribes, turquoise has held a place of reverence and significance. As a December birthstone, it continues to be cherished for its beauty, symbolism, and the positive energy it is believed to impart. Its unique geological origins and captivating color variations ensure its continued appeal for generations to come.