Ruby, the vibrant red gemstone, has captivated humanity for millennia. Revered for its beauty, rarity, and perceived mystical properties, it holds a prominent place in history, lore, and modern jewelry. As the traditional birthstone for July, and the gem associated with 15th and 40th wedding anniversaries, ruby continues to symbolize passion, protection, and prosperity. This article delves into the fascinating world of ruby, exploring its history, geological origins, gemological characteristics, cultural significance, and care.
History and Lore
The story of ruby stretches back to ancient times. In ancient India, ruby was esteemed as the “king of precious stones,” lauded for its exceptional beauty, hardness – second only to diamond – and perceived mystical powers. The name itself originates from the Latin word ruber, meaning red, a direct reference to its defining characteristic. Long associated with blood, ruby symbolized life force, power, and youthful energy in Indian jewelry and culture. Some believed the gem could predict misfortune or even cure inflammatory diseases and quell anger.
Burmese warriors, throughout history, held ruby in high regard, believing it rendered them invincible in battle. Medieval Europeans similarly attributed protective qualities to the stone, believing it bestowed health, wisdom, wealth, and success in love. The association with vitality and physical strength is rooted in ruby’s resemblance to blood, leading to its use in drinking vessels in ancient times as a toast to good health. Ruby was also believed to protect the wearer from misfortune and illness, and to signify love and commitment. Sanskrit speakers referred to ruby as Ratnaraj – king of the precious stones.
The standardization of birthstone lists is a relatively recent phenomenon. While associations between gemstones and months existed for centuries, it wasn’t until 1912 that the National Association of Jewelers (now Jewelers of America) published an “official” list, resolving much of the prior disagreement. Ruby has consistently held its position as the July birthstone, both in traditional and modern lists.
Geological Formation and Sources
Rubies are a variety of the mineral corundum, an aluminum oxide (Al₂O₃) mineral. Their characteristic red color arises from trace amounts of the element chromium within the crystal structure. The more chromium present, the more intense the red hue. The most prized color is a deep, vivid red with a hint of purple, known in the trade as “pigeon’s blood.”
Historically, Myanmar (formerly Burma) has been the most significant source of fine rubies, with the Mogok area yielding exceptional stones for over five centuries. These rubies are often characterized by light-scattering inclusions and a vibrant red fluorescence. Since the late 20th century, Vietnam has emerged as another important source, particularly from the Luc Yen region, producing rubies ranging from red to purplish-red.
More recently, Mozambique has become a prominent source, with rubies from the Montepuez mines rivaling the quality of those from Mogok. Other notable ruby-producing regions include Thailand, Cambodia, Afghanistan, Tajikistan, Pakistan, Sri Lanka, Kenya, Tanzania, and Madagascar. Historically, ruby deposits along the border between Thailand and Cambodia were major suppliers in the late 20th century. Originally, rubies were found in riverbeds, but mining operations began in the late 1860s.
Gemological Properties
Ruby’s value is determined by the “Four Cs”: color, clarity, cut, and carat weight. Color is paramount, with the “pigeon’s blood” shade commanding the highest prices. Clarity is also important, though rubies rarely form without some inclusions. In fact, the presence of needle-like rutile inclusions can sometimes indicate a natural, untreated stone, as treatment can attempt to remove these. A completely clear ruby may suggest it has undergone treatment to enhance its appearance.
Here's a summary of key gemological properties:
| Property | Description |
|---|---|
| Mineral | Corundum (Aluminum Oxide) |
| Chemical Formula | Al₂O₃ |
| Color | Red (due to chromium) |
| Hardness (Mohs) | 9.0 |
| Crystal System | Trigonal |
| Refractive Index | 1.762 - 1.778 |
| Specific Gravity | 3.97 - 4.05 |
Ruby’s hardness of 9 on the Mohs scale makes it exceptionally durable, suitable for everyday wear. It is second only to diamond in hardness. The world’s most valuable ruby sold at auction to date is the Estrela de Fura, fetching US$34.8 million.
Symbolism and Metaphysical Beliefs
Throughout history, ruby has been imbued with symbolic meaning. Its association with blood has consistently linked it to vitality, passion, and courage. The gem was believed to offer protection from evil, ward off nightmares, and promote good health. In some cultures, rubies were even inserted into the flesh, with the belief that they would render the wearer invincible.
The deep red color of ruby has also made it a symbol of love and commitment, making it a popular choice for engagement rings and anniversary gifts. It is traditionally given to celebrate the 15th and 40th wedding anniversaries. Rubies were thought to protect against misfortune and illness, and to inspire energy and life.
Care and Cleaning
Due to its exceptional hardness, ruby is a relatively durable gemstone. However, it still requires proper care to maintain its brilliance. Rubies can be cleaned using warm, soapy water and a soft brush. Avoid ultrasonic cleaners and harsh chemicals, as these can potentially damage the stone. It is advisable to store rubies separately from other jewelry to prevent scratching.
Conclusion
Ruby, the “king of gems,” remains a highly sought-after and cherished gemstone. Its rich history, vibrant color, exceptional durability, and symbolic significance continue to captivate and inspire. As the July birthstone and a symbol of passion, protection, and prosperity, ruby holds a special place in the hearts of many. From ancient warriors to modern jewelry enthusiasts, the allure of this magnificent gem endures.