June is unique in the world of birthstones, possessing not one, but three officially recognised gems: pearl, alexandrite, and moonstone. Each stone boasts a distinct origin, symbolism, and aesthetic, captivating wearers for centuries and continuing to inspire both classic and contemporary jewellery designs. This article will explore the history, geological context, gemological properties, and cultural significance of these three June birthstones, providing a comprehensive overview for enthusiasts, buyers, and students of gemology.
History and Lore
The tradition of associating gemstones with specific months is ancient, tracing back to the first century when scholars linked gems to the twelve tribes of Israel and the twelve signs of the zodiac. Initially, these stones were intended to be worn in rotation throughout the year, rather than as a fixed birthstone. The practice of assigning a single stone to each month evolved around the eighteenth century, becoming codified by jewellers and trade associations for marketing and spiritual purposes.
Pearl holds the longest documented history of the three. Evidence suggests pearls were treasured as early as 2206 BC, gifted to Chinese royalty, and archaeological finds like the “Susa Pearls” necklace, dating back to 420 BC, demonstrate their significance in ancient civilizations. Ancient Romans valued pearls, as evidenced by a 3rd-century gold hair ornament set with pearls, emeralds, and sapphires discovered and displayed at the British Museum.
Alexandrite and moonstone were later additions to June’s birthstone family. Tiffany & Co.’s 1870 publication initially listed pearl as the sole June birthstone. The National Association of Jewellers in 1912 added moonstone as an alternative, and the Jewelry Industry Council of America later included alexandrite in the 1950s. The inclusion of alexandrite was, in part, influenced by a belief that it was more readily available than pearl, a notion that has since proven inaccurate.
Geological Formation and Sources
Pearls are unique among gemstones as they are organic, formed within the soft tissue of a living shelled mollusk – either a marine oyster or a freshwater mussel. They form when an irritant, such as a grain of sand, enters the mollusk, prompting it to coat the irritant with layers of nacre, creating a pearl.
Alexandrite is a rare variety of the mineral chrysoberyl. Its formation requires the presence of beryllium and chromium, a relatively uncommon combination. Alexandrite is found in metamorphic rocks and is associated with pegmatites.
Moonstone, a member of the feldspar mineral group, forms in igneous and metamorphic rocks. It is created by the intergrowth of two feldspar minerals: orthoclase and albite. This intergrowth causes a phenomenon called adularescence, giving moonstone its characteristic shimmer.
While specific mining locations aren’t extensively detailed in the provided sources, it is noted that Moonstone sourced for the UK market is often obtained from trusted partners in India and Indonesia, with an emphasis on ethical and responsible sourcing.
Gemological Properties
The three June birthstones differ significantly in their gemological properties:
| Property | Pearl | Alexandrite | Moonstone |
|---|---|---|---|
| Composition | Calcium Carbonate & Organic Material | Beryllium Aluminum Oxide | Potassium Aluminum Silicate |
| Hardness (Mohs) | 2.5 - 4.5 | 8.5 | 6 - 6.5 |
| Color | White, Cream, Pink, Black, Grey | Green, Purple, Red | White, Peach, Grey, Rainbow |
| Luster | Nacreous | Vitreous | Pearly |
| Transparency | Opaque | Transparent | Translucent |
| Notable Feature | Organic Gem, Nacre | Color Change | Adularescence |
Alexandrite is particularly prized for its colour-changing ability, displaying a green to bluish-green hue in daylight or fluorescent light and shifting to a deep red or purplish tone under incandescent light. This phenomenon, known as pleochroism, is due to the stone’s ability to absorb different wavelengths of light depending on the light source. The most valued alexandrite exhibits a vivid colour change.
Moonstone’s defining characteristic is adularescence – a shimmering effect caused by the scattering of light within its layered structure. This gives the stone a soft, ethereal glow.
Pearls are judged on their nacre quality, lustre, size, shape, and colour. Their relatively low hardness makes them susceptible to scratches and damage.
Symbolism and Metaphysical Beliefs
Throughout history, each of June’s birthstones has been imbued with symbolic meaning. Pearls have long represented purity, innocence, and timeless beauty. Their natural origin and elegant appearance have made them a symbol of sophistication and grace.
Alexandrite is often associated with good fortune, balance, and intuition. Its colour-changing property is likened to the complexities of love, presenting itself in different shades depending on the perspective. It is believed to enhance creativity and transformation.
Moonstone is linked to intuition, emotional balance, and new beginnings. Its gentle energy is thought to soothe emotional stress and promote inner peace. It is particularly favoured by those drawn to spirituality and energy work.
Care and Cleaning
Due to their differing properties, each birthstone requires specific care. Pearls, being relatively soft, are susceptible to damage from chemicals, cosmetics, and even abrasive materials. They should be cleaned with a soft cloth and mild soap and water. Avoid ultrasonic cleaners and harsh chemicals.
Alexandrite, with its high hardness, is more durable but should still be protected from harsh impacts. Cleaning can be done with warm soapy water and a soft brush.
Moonstone, while relatively durable, can be prone to cracking with sudden temperature changes. It should be cleaned with a soft cloth and mild soap and water. Avoid ultrasonic cleaners and harsh chemicals.
June Birthstones in Modern Jewellery
Today, all three June birthstones are popular choices for jewellery. Pearls are classic in strands, earrings, and pendants. Alexandrite, due to its rarity, is often set in fine jewellery for collectors. Moonstone is versatile and affordable, appearing in rings, pendants, and both raw and polished crystal forms. Modern brands like Pandora and Kendra Scott offer interpretations of June birthstone jewellery, incorporating pearls and simulated moonstone into their designs.
Sources
- Crystals & Reiki
- Diamonds by UK
- Gemstones Craft
- Hatton Garden Jewellers
- Safiya Jewels
- Gem Rock Auctions
Conclusion
June’s three birthstones – pearl, alexandrite, and moonstone – represent a diverse range of beauty, history, and symbolism. From the ancient allure of pearls to the rare colour-changing magic of alexandrite and the ethereal glow of moonstone, each gem offers a unique connection to the month of June and provides a meaningful choice for those seeking a personal and treasured gemstone. Their enduring appeal continues to inspire jewellery designers and captivate gemstone enthusiasts worldwide.