October boasts not one, but two recognized birthstones: the captivating opal and the vibrant pink tourmaline. Both gemstones offer a stunning array of colors and rich symbolism, making them cherished choices for those born in the tenth month of the year. While opal historically held the sole designation, the addition of pink tourmaline in 1912 broadened the options, reflecting the diverse palette of autumn itself. This article will delve into the history, geological origins, gemological properties, and cultural significance of these two remarkable gemstones.
History and Lore
Opal has a long and storied past, prized for centuries for its unique “play-of-color.” Romans referred to it as “opalus,” a symbol of hope and purity, and frequently gifted it to those born in October, particularly diplomats representing the zodiac sign Libra. During the medieval period, the gem was known as “ophthalmios,” or “eye-stone,” with the belief that it possessed the power to sharpen vision. By the 19th century, Queen Victoria’s fondness for Australian opals significantly increased the gem’s popularity, cementing its association with October weddings and the autumn season.
Tourmaline’s history, while not as ancient as opal’s, is equally fascinating. Egyptians believed tourmaline came in so many colors because it traveled down a rainbow from the sun to earth. In 1912, the National Association of Jewelers officially recognized pink tourmaline as an alternative birthstone for October, offering a choice to those who preferred a more solid, consistent color compared to opal’s shifting iridescence. Pink tourmaline is specifically associated with friendship, compassion, and balance.
Geological Formation and Sources
Opal is a unique gemstone formed from hydrated silica (SiO₂·nH₂O). Its formation occurs when silica-rich water seeps into crevices and voids within the earth, then slowly solidifies over millennia. This process results in the mesmerizing play-of-color that defines the gem. Major sources of opal include Australia, particularly Lightning Ridge and Coober Pedy, Ethiopia (Welo), Mexico (Querétaro fire opal), and Brazil.
Tourmaline, on the other hand, boasts a more complex chemical composition and a wider range of formation environments. While the sources for all colors of tourmaline are diverse, pink tourmaline is specifically associated with October. The sources for tourmaline are not detailed in the provided materials beyond its general availability.
Gemological Properties
Opal’s hardness ranges from 5.5 to 6.5 on the Mohs scale, making it relatively softer than many other gemstones. This necessitates careful handling and storage to prevent scratching. Its defining characteristic is its play-of-color, a phenomenon caused by the diffraction of light within its internal structure. Different types of opal exhibit varying characteristics: white opal features a soft, milky appearance with flashes of color; fire opal displays vibrant orange, red, and yellow hues; boulder opal combines opal with the host rock; and crystal opal is transparent with strong color play.
Tourmaline’s properties vary depending on the specific variety, but pink tourmaline is a particularly popular choice. The provided materials do not detail the chemical composition or hardness of tourmaline. However, it is noted that tourmaline offers a “pick-your-mood palette,” with colors ranging from neon green and lagoon blue to watermelon bi-color and jet black.
The following table summarizes the gemological properties of Opal:
| Property | Value |
|---|---|
| Composition | Hydrated Silica (SiO₂·nH₂O) |
| Mohs Hardness | 5.5 – 6.5 |
| Play-of-Color | Present |
| Major Sources | Australia, Ethiopia, Mexico, Brazil |
Symbolism and Metaphysical Beliefs
Opal is often described as an “emotional amplifier,” believed to magnify feelings and facilitate healing by bringing hidden emotions to the surface. It is also associated with creativity, making it a favored stone among artists seeking inspiration and insight.
Pink tourmaline, as its name suggests, is strongly linked to love, compassion, and friendship. It is considered a heart-centered stone that promotes emotional balance and healing. Some believe it aids in self-love and forgiveness.
Care and Cleaning
Tourmaline is durable and should be stored in a padded box or soft cloth bag to avoid scratches. Opal, being softer, requires more delicate care. It should also be stored separately to prevent damage from harder gemstones. Both gemstones benefit from gentle cleaning with mild soap and warm water.
Why Two Birthstones?
The dual designation of opal and tourmaline for October stems from a decision made by the National Association of Jewelers in 1912. At that time, the association revised the list of birthstones, adding alternative gems for months whose traditional stones were either rare or misunderstood. Opal, while beautiful, was sometimes associated with misfortune due to a historical novel published in 1829, which falsely linked it to bad luck. Tourmaline, with its wide range of colors, provided a readily available and popular alternative. The association of opal with the shifting colors of autumn and tourmaline’s diverse palette further solidified their shared status as October birthstones.
Popularity in Jewelry
Both opal and tourmaline are highly sought-after gemstones in the jewelry industry. Opal’s mesmerizing play-of-color makes it a captivating centerpiece in rings, necklaces, earrings, and bracelets. Popular designs include opal rings with halo settings and dainty opal earrings. Tourmaline, particularly pink tourmaline, is equally beloved for its vibrant hues and is often incorporated into a variety of jewelry styles.
Misconceptions and Superstitions
Historically, opal has been subject to various superstitions. However, these beliefs are largely unfounded and stem from a fictionalized account published in the 19th century. Today, opal is widely regarded as a beautiful and auspicious gemstone.
Conclusion
The birthstones for October, opal and pink tourmaline, represent a captivating blend of history, beauty, and symbolism. Opal, with its ancient lore and mesmerizing play-of-color, embodies hope, purity, and creativity. Pink tourmaline, a more recent addition, symbolizes love, compassion, and emotional balance. Whether chosen for their aesthetic appeal or their metaphysical properties, these gemstones offer a meaningful connection to the month of October and a stunning expression of personal style. With proper care, both opal and tourmaline will remain cherished treasures for years to come.