Tourmaline is recognized as a birthstone for those born in October, alongside opal. This gemstone boasts a remarkable range of colors and a rich history steeped in folklore and healing traditions. Officially adopted as an October birthstone in 1952 by the Jewelry Industry Council, tourmaline’s significance extends beyond birthdays, often symbolizing the eighth anniversary of marriage. The name itself, derived from the Sinhalese word “turamali,” meaning “stone of mixed colors,” hints at the gem’s most defining characteristic: its incredible pleochroism and diverse hues.
History and Folklore of Tourmaline
The story of tourmaline is one of mistaken identity and eventual recognition. For centuries, tourmaline was often confused with other gemstones due to its similar appearance and the lack of sophisticated gemological testing methods. As early as the 1500s, Spanish conquistadors in Brazil mistook green tourmaline for emerald, a confusion that persisted for a considerable period. Similarly, red tourmaline was often identified as ruby. It wasn’t until the 19th century, with advancements in gemological science, that tourmaline was definitively recognized as a distinct mineral species.
Even the name reflects this historical ambiguity. Dutch merchants trading in Ceylon (now Sri Lanka) applied the term “toramalli” to multicolored pebbles found in gem gravels, encompassing a variety of gems including tourmaline. This practice highlights the gem’s early association with a diverse palette of colors. In Africa, black tourmaline held a place of reverence as a stone of shamanic power and protection, utilized in ceremonies. Ancient mystics believed the gem could inspire artistic expression, providing a “color palette for every mood.”
Geological Formation and Sources
Tourmaline is a crystalline mineral belonging to the cyclosilicate group. Its complex chemical composition, containing boron, aluminum, iron, magnesium, sodium, lithium, or potassium, along with trace elements like copper, chromium, and vanadium, is responsible for its wide spectrum of colors. The gem forms in trigonal crystals and is found in a variety of geological settings.
Currently, Brazil is the most prominent source of vibrant and flawless tourmaline crystals. However, deposits are also found in Africa, Afghanistan, Pakistan, Russia, India, Sri Lanka, and the United States. California and Maine have historically been important producers of fine tourmaline within the US. Black tourmaline, known as schorl, constitutes approximately 95% of all tourmaline, though much of this variety is not of gemstone quality.
Gemological Properties
Tourmaline exhibits a range of gemological properties that contribute to its appeal and value. Its Mohs hardness ranges from 7 to 7.5, making it generally suitable for everyday wear. The refractive index falls between 1.603 and 1.655, and its specific gravity ranges from 3.02 to 3.25.
The gem’s chemical formula is complex, reflecting its varied composition. The presence of trace elements significantly influences its color. Some notable varieties and their associated colors include:
- Rubellite: Pink, red, purplish-red, orangy-red, or brownish-red.
- Indicolite: Dark violetish-blue, blue, or greenish-blue.
- Chrome Tourmaline: Emerald green.
- Paraíba Tourmaline: Neon green and blue-to-violet.
- Schorl: Deep brown to bluish-black.
The wide color range is a defining characteristic of tourmaline, with virtually every hue represented within the species. This diversity has led to the development of specific trade names for certain color varieties.
The following table summarizes key gemological properties:
| Property | Value |
|---|---|
| Chemical Composition | Borosilicate Mineral |
| Mohs Hardness | 7 – 7.5 |
| Refractive Index | 1.603 – 1.655 |
| Specific Gravity | 3.02 – 3.25 |
Color Varieties and Their Significance
The diverse color varieties of tourmaline each possess unique characteristics and appeal. Black tourmaline (schorl), rich in iron, is known for its grounding energy and protective properties, making it popular in spiritual and metaphysical practices. Rubellite, with its shades of red and pink, is associated with passion and vitality. Indicolite, displaying blue and violet hues, is prized for its calming and intuitive qualities. The rare and highly sought-after Paraíba tourmaline, with its vibrant neon blue and green colors, is particularly valued for its exceptional brilliance.
Symbolism and Metaphysical Beliefs
Tourmaline is associated with a variety of symbolic meanings and metaphysical beliefs. The gem’s ability to occur in balanced blends of multiple colors represents balance on emotional, spiritual, and physical levels. It is believed to promote healing by purifying and detoxifying the body and spirit, encouraging self-care. Tourmaline is also linked to increased insight, clearer perception, courage, compassion, and creativity. The soothing energy of the stone is thought to foster empathy and gentleness towards oneself and others, while simultaneously awakening creative energy and passion.
Care and Cleaning
Tourmaline is a relatively durable gemstone, rated 7 to 7.5 on the Mohs scale of hardness. It is generally suitable for everyday wear and is stable enough to withstand light and most chemicals. However, heat can be damaging to the stone. To maintain its brilliance, tourmaline jewelry should be cleaned with warm, soapy water and a soft brush. Ultrasonic and steam cleaners are not recommended, as they may cause damage.
Tourmaline as an October Birthstone
While opal was originally designated as the sole birthstone for October, pink tourmaline was added as an alternate in 1952 by the Jewelry Industry Council, with the approval of the American Gem Society and the National Retail Jewelers Council. Over time, the practice has evolved to accept tourmaline of any color as a suitable birthstone for those born in October, reflecting the gem’s remarkable diversity. This widespread acceptance has contributed to tourmaline’s growing popularity in recent years.
Conclusion
Tourmaline, the “stone of mixed colors,” stands as a captivating and versatile gemstone. From its historical journey of mistaken identity to its modern recognition as a beloved October birthstone, tourmaline’s story is one of discovery and appreciation. Its diverse range of colors, coupled with its unique gemological properties and rich symbolism, make it a treasured gem for enthusiasts, collectors, and those seeking a meaningful connection to the natural world. The gem’s association with balance, healing, insight, and creativity further enhances its appeal, solidifying its place as a significant and enduring gemstone.