December boasts a unique distinction among the birthstone months: it has not one, but three officially recognized birthstones – Turquoise, Tanzanite, and Blue Zircon. While Blue Topaz is also frequently cited as an alternative, the primary gems associated with those born in December offer a captivating spectrum of blue and blue-green hues, each with a rich history and distinct character. This article will explore the origins, properties, symbolism, and significance of these December birthstones, drawing solely from available sources.
History and Lore
The history of December’s birthstones spans millennia. Turquoise, the oldest of the three, holds a particularly venerable position in human history. Evidence suggests its use dates back over 5,000 years, with mining occurring in Egypt’s Sinai Peninsula as early as 3000 BCE. Ancient civilizations, including those in Egypt, China, and among Native American cultures, highly prized turquoise for its beauty and perceived protective qualities. Egyptians incorporated it into funerary masks, notably that of King Tut, while Native Americans viewed its color as a gift from the sky, believing it brought health and good fortune.
Tanzanite, in contrast, is a relatively recent discovery. It was first identified in the Merelani Hills of northern Tanzania in the 1960s, making it a modern addition to the birthstone family. Its captivating violet-blue color quickly gained popularity, and it has become a sought-after gemstone in contemporary jewelry.
Blue Zircon has a long history of use in jewelry, spanning over 2000 years. However, it wasn’t officially designated as a December birthstone until 1952. Throughout history, zircon has been valued for its brilliance and availability in a wide range of colors, with blue zircon being particularly favored.
Geological Formation and Sources
The formation of these gemstones occurs through vastly different geological processes. Turquoise is a secondary mineral, formed through the interaction of groundwater containing copper with bedrock. Over time, these reactions, combined with other minerals, create an opaque stone exhibiting shades of blue and green. The distinctive dark lines and patterns often seen within turquoise are a result of the surrounding rock, known as matrix. Significant sources of turquoise include the southwestern United States (Arizona and California), Iran, and China.
Tanzanite’s formation is unique; it is found in only one known deposit globally – the Merelani Hills of northern Tanzania. This limited source contributes to its rarity and value. The gem forms within metamorphic rocks, created by intense heat and pressure.
Blue Zircon is found in a variety of geological settings, often in alluvial deposits. While it occurs in many colors, the blue variety is particularly prized.
Gemological Properties
Each of these December birthstones possesses unique gemological properties. Turquoise is a semi-translucent to opaque gem, registering a 5 to 6 on the Mohs hardness scale. Its color ranges from blue to green, often with matrix inclusions.
Tanzanite is known for its trichroism, meaning it displays three different colors – blue, violet, and burgundy – depending on the viewing angle. It typically exhibits a vivid violet-blue hue and has a hardness of 6 to 7 on the Mohs scale.
Blue Zircon boasts a high refractive index, contributing to its brilliant fire and sparkle. It also has a hardness of 6.5 to 7.5 on the Mohs scale. Zircon is available in a wide range of colors, but blue zircon is particularly popular.
A comparative table of key properties is provided below:
| Gemstone | Color | Hardness (Mohs) | Transparency | Notable Features |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Turquoise | Blue to Green | 5-6 | Opaque | Often contains matrix inclusions |
| Tanzanite | Violet-Blue | 6-7 | Transparent to Translucent | Trichroic (displays three colors) |
| Blue Zircon | Blue | 6.5-7.5 | Transparent | High refractive index, brilliant fire |
Symbolism and Metaphysical Beliefs
Throughout history, these gemstones have been imbued with symbolic meaning and metaphysical properties. Turquoise has long been associated with success, happiness, and prosperity. Native American cultures believed it offered protection and brought good fortune.
Tanzanite is often linked to transformation and spiritual growth, believed to facilitate communication and intuition.
Blue Zircon is thought to promote wisdom, honor, and prosperity. Some sources suggest it can enhance clarity of thought and encourage a positive outlook.
Historically, Ruby was also associated with December, believed to sharpen the mind, improve concentration, and encourage courtly love. Chrysoprase, an old Russian December birthstone, was thought to bring good fortune and mend broken hearts, while Onyx, the Tibetan December birthstone, offered self-mastery and protective energy. Bloodstone, another traditional December birthstone, was considered a stone of courage, renewing energy and grounding vigor.
Care and Cleaning
Proper care is essential to maintain the beauty of these December birthstones. Given its relatively lower hardness, turquoise is susceptible to scratching and should be protected from harsh impacts. Cleaning turquoise jewelry can be done with a soft cloth and mild soapy water. Avoid ultrasonic cleaners and harsh chemicals.
Tanzanite, while more durable than turquoise, is still relatively soft and should be handled with care. It can be cleaned with warm, soapy water and a soft brush. Avoid sudden temperature changes.
Blue Zircon requires similar care to tanzanite. Gentle cleaning with warm, soapy water and a soft brush is recommended. Avoid ultrasonic cleaners, as they can damage the stone.
All gemstones benefit from regular cleaning and should be removed daily to allow them to rest and avoid potential damage. Bathing in full moonlight is also suggested as a way to energize crystals, and cleansing with selenite or sage smoke is recommended.
Conclusion
December’s birthstones – Turquoise, Tanzanite, and Blue Zircon – represent a captivating blend of ancient tradition and modern discovery. From the millennia-old history of turquoise to the recent emergence of tanzanite, and the long-standing brilliance of zircon, these gems offer a diverse range of beauty, symbolism, and geological origins. Whether chosen for their aesthetic appeal, perceived metaphysical properties, or historical significance, these blue-toned gemstones embody the spirit of the December season and the unique character of those born within it.