For centuries, gemstones have captivated humanity with their beauty, rarity, and perceived mystical properties. The tradition of associating specific gemstones with each month of the year, known as birthstones, has a rich and evolving history, stretching back to ancient times and continuing to influence jewelry choices today. While the modern list of birthstones was standardized in 1912, the practice of attributing powers and significance to gems based on the time of year dates back to biblical times and earlier, with connections to the twelve tribes of Israel and the twelve signs of the zodiac. This article will explore the fascinating world of birthstones, detailing their historical origins, modern interpretations, and the unique characteristics of each gem.
History and Lore
The earliest roots of birthstone associations can be traced to the breastplate of Aaron, described in the Book of Exodus. This ornate garment was adorned with twelve gemstones, believed to represent the twelve tribes of Israel. Historians suggest this connection laid the groundwork for associating gemstones with specific groups and, eventually, with months of the year. Initially, these associations were linked to the twelve star signs, with beautiful and rare crystals assigned to each. Over time, this evolved into the system of birthstones representing the twelve months, as we know it today.
During the Middle Ages, a widespread belief held that crystals possessed magical powers capable of positively influencing the wearer. People collected birthstones, believing that possessing all twelve would bring good luck throughout the year. The names of many birthstones themselves have fascinating etymologies, often originating from Latin, Greek, or Semitic languages, reflecting their historical journey and cultural significance. For example, the name “garnet” likely comes from the Latin granatum, meaning “pomegranate,” due to the gem’s resemblance in color and seed-like inclusions to the fruit.
Traditional and Modern Lists
The standardization of birthstones occurred in 1912 when the American National Retail Jeweler’s Association (now the Jewelers of America) convened to create a definitive list. However, even after this standardization, variations persist. A distinction is often made between “traditional” and “modern” birthstones. Traditional birthstones have deeper historical and cultural roots, while modern birthstones were selected by jewelers to provide a wider range of options and address market demands.
The modern list, as of recent updates, includes multiple options for some months, allowing for greater choice and accommodating varying preferences and budgets. Some traditional gems are less expensive or more readily available than their modern counterparts, contributing to their continued popularity. Individuals often choose from either list, selecting the stone that resonates most with them.
Birthstones by Month
Here is a detailed look at each birthstone, according to the modern list, with notes on traditional alternatives where applicable:
January: Garnet – Garnets are not a single gemstone but a group of silicate minerals that come in a variety of colors, most famously red. February: Amethyst – A variety of quartz, amethyst is known for its beautiful purple hue. March: Aquamarine – A blue-green variety of beryl, aquamarine is associated with the sea. Bloodstone remains a traditional option for March. April: Diamond – Renowned for its brilliance and hardness, the diamond is a symbol of enduring love. May: Emerald – A vibrant green beryl, emeralds are highly prized for their color and clarity. June: Pearl, Moonstone, Alexandrite – June boasts three birthstones. Pearls are organic gems formed within oysters, moonstones exhibit a unique adularescence (a shimmering effect), and alexandrite is a color-changing gem. July: Ruby – A red variety of corundum, rubies are known for their intense color and durability. August: Peridot, Spinel – August has two birthstones. Peridot is a bright green olivine mineral, while spinel comes in a wide range of colors and was once mistaken for ruby. Sardonyx is a traditional August birthstone. September: Sapphire – Typically blue, sapphires are another variety of corundum and are known for their hardness and brilliance. October: Tourmaline, Opal – October offers two choices. Tourmaline comes in a rainbow of colors, while opal exhibits a play of color known as iridescence. November: Topaz, Citrine – November has two birthstones. Topaz is available in various colors, including yellow, blue, and pink, while citrine is a yellow to orange variety of quartz. December: Blue Zircon, Blue Topaz, Tanzanite – December has three modern birthstones. Turquoise and Lapis Lazuli are traditional options. Tanzanite is a relatively new gemstone, added to the list in recent years.
Gemological Properties and Sources
The gemological properties of birthstones vary significantly. Diamonds, with a Mohs hardness of 10, are the hardest known natural substance. Emeralds, with a Mohs hardness of 7.5-8, are relatively durable but can be brittle. Pearls, being organic gems, are much softer, ranking around 2.5-4.5 on the Mohs scale.
The sources of these gemstones are equally diverse. Diamonds are mined in countries like Russia, Botswana, and Canada. Rubies are found in Myanmar, Thailand, and Mozambique. Sapphires are sourced from Sri Lanka, Madagascar, and Australia. Emeralds are primarily mined in Colombia, Zambia, and Brazil. Peridot is found in Egypt, Myanmar, and the United States. Spinel is sourced from Sri Lanka, Tanzania, and Myanmar. Garnets are found globally, with significant deposits in Africa, India, and Russia.
Symbolism and Metaphysical Beliefs
Throughout history, birthstones have been attributed with various symbolic meanings and metaphysical properties. Garnets were believed to protect against nightmares and promote vitality. Amethyst was associated with sobriety and clarity of mind. Emeralds were thought to symbolize rebirth and fertility. Rubies were believed to inspire passion and courage. Sapphires were associated with wisdom and loyalty. Pearls were considered symbols of purity and innocence. These beliefs, while not scientifically proven, continue to influence the appeal of birthstones and their use in jewelry.
Care and Cleaning
The appropriate care for a birthstone depends on its hardness and composition. Diamonds, being the hardest, are relatively easy to clean with soap and water. Emeralds, being more delicate, require gentle cleaning with a soft brush and mild soap. Pearls should be cleaned with a soft cloth and mild soap, avoiding harsh chemicals. Stones with a Mohs hardness of 7 or higher can generally be cleaned with warm water, mild soap, and a soft brush. It is generally advisable to avoid ultrasonic cleaners and harsh chemicals for most gemstones.
Conclusion
Birthstones represent a captivating blend of history, geology, and cultural significance. From their ancient origins in religious texts to their modern standardization by jewelers, these gemstones continue to hold a special place in the hearts of many. Whether chosen for their beauty, their perceived metaphysical properties, or simply as a symbol of one’s birth month, birthstones offer a personal and meaningful connection to the natural world and the traditions of the past. The enduring popularity of birthstone jewelry is a testament to the timeless allure of these remarkable gems.