Opal, the birthstone for October, is a gemstone steeped in history, lore, and a surprising amount of superstition. While today it is celebrated for its unique “play-of-color,” a phenomenon that sets it apart from most other gems, its reputation has not always been positive. This article will delve into the origins of the opal, its geological formation, its historical and cultural significance, and the enduring myths surrounding its perceived luck – or lack thereof.
A History of Varied Beliefs
The name “opal” itself has a fascinating etymology, with roots stretching back through multiple languages and cultures. Reportedly, the name evolved from the Roman word opalus, derived from the Greek opallios, meaning “to see a change of color.” This Greek term was, in turn, a modification of the ancient Indian Sanskrit name upala, meaning “precious stone.” Combining these elements, opal could be described as “to see a change of color precious stone,” a fitting description for a gem renowned for its iridescence.
Historically, beliefs surrounding opal have been remarkably diverse. Early Greeks believed opals granted their owners the powers of foresight and prophecy. Romans, on the other hand, adored the gem as a symbol of hope and purity. In Eastern cultures, opal was considered sacred, while Arabs believed it fell from heaven. These early associations were overwhelmingly positive, establishing opal as a treasured gemstone for centuries.
However, the 19th century witnessed a shift in perception. Superstitions began to circulate, suggesting that wearing opal would bring misfortune to anyone whose birthstone it wasn’t. This change in fortune is often linked to Sir Walter Scott’s 1829 novel, Anne of Geierstein, in which an opal-wearing character met a tragic end, and the opal itself lost its color with her death. This literary association appears to have significantly impacted public opinion. A particularly dramatic tale involves Spain’s King Alfonso XII, who gifted an opal ring to his wife, who died shortly after. The ring then passed through several family members, each meeting a premature death after receiving it. While the king’s actual cause of death was likely tuberculosis or dysentery, the story fueled the growing belief in the opal’s ill-fated nature.
Geological Formation and Sources
Opal is unique among gemstones in its formation. Unlike many gems that crystallize, opal is an amorphous hydrated silica (SiO2·nH2O). This means it lacks a defined crystalline structure and contains a variable amount of water – typically between 3% and 21% by weight. It is formed from silica-rich solutions that seep into cracks and voids in the Earth’s crust. As the water evaporates, it leaves behind deposits of silica, which gradually build up over time. Opal is essentially one of the phases through which gel-like silica can pass on its way to becoming stable crystalline quartz.
This process results in a fragile gem, as opal is brittle, heat sensitive, and prone to cracking and scratching. The loss of water can also cause opal to deteriorate and lose its vibrant play-of-color, transforming it into a colorless, chalky mass.
While opal is found in various locations worldwide, certain regions are particularly renowned for their high-quality gems. Australia is by far the most significant source, producing the vast majority of the world’s opal. Ethiopia is also emerging as a major producer, with opals exhibiting unique characteristics. Other sources include Mexico, Honduras, and the United States, specifically Oregon, which is known for its “contra luz” opal (Figure 5).
Gemological Properties and Varieties
Opal’s defining characteristic is its “play-of-color,” the shimmering display of iridescent hues that dance across its surface. This phenomenon is caused by the diffraction of light as it passes through microscopic spheres of silica within the gem. The size and arrangement of these spheres determine the colors that are visible.
Opal’s physical properties include:
- Hardness: 5.5 – 6.5 on the Mohs scale. This relatively low hardness makes opal susceptible to scratches and damage.
- Specific Gravity: 1.98 – 2.15
- Chemical Formula: SiO2·nH2O
- Transparency: Typically translucent to opaque.
Several varieties of opal are recognized, categorized by their background color and play-of-color:
- White Opal: The most common type, featuring a white or light background color.
- Black Opal: Considered the most valuable, with a dark body tone that intensifies the play-of-color.
- Fire Opal: Displays a vibrant orange or red body color, often without significant play-of-color.
- Contra Luz Opal: Found in Oregon, this variety exhibits a play-of-color that is visible when light passes through the stone, rather than reflecting off the surface.
Symbolism and Modern Beliefs
For those born in October, opal symbolizes hope, purity, and truth. It is also the traditional gift for the 14th wedding anniversary, representing the beauty and changeability of life. The shifting colors within the opal are seen as a reflection of life’s multifaceted nature.
Despite the historical superstitions, the belief that wearing an opal is bad luck if it’s not your birthstone has largely diminished. Modern sources suggest that this myth may have been perpetuated by competition within the gem trade, or simply a result of Victorian-era literature. Many now embrace opal for its beauty and unique qualities, regardless of their birth month.
Care and Cleaning
Due to its relative softness and sensitivity to dehydration, opal requires special care. It should be stored in a safe place, separated from other jewelry, and ideally kept in a moist environment – wrapping it in a soft, damp cloth can help prevent cracking and preserve its play-of-color.
When cleaning opal jewelry, gentle methods are essential. Solid opal pieces can be cleaned with mild soap and warm water using a soft cloth or brush. However, steam cleaners, ultrasonics, boiling water, bleach, and harsh chemicals should be strictly avoided. Jewelry featuring opal doublets and triplets should only be wiped with a damp cloth and mild soap; soaking or immersing the gemstone is not recommended. It is always advisable to consult with a jeweler for specific care instructions before cleaning opal jewelry.
Conclusion
Opal, a gemstone of shifting colors and captivating beauty, has traversed a complex history marked by both adoration and superstition. From its ancient origins as a symbol of hope and foresight to its Victorian-era association with misfortune, the opal’s story is a testament to the power of cultural beliefs and literary influence. Today, while the myths persist in some circles, opal is increasingly appreciated for its unique geological formation, its stunning play-of-color, and its enduring symbolism of hope and purity. Whether worn as a birthstone, a commemorative gift, or simply as a statement of personal style, opal continues to enchant and inspire.