Turquoise, the captivating blue-to-green gemstone, holds a prominent place in the world of gemstones, serving as a traditional birthstone for the month of December. Revered for millennia across diverse cultures, from ancient Egypt to Native American tribes, turquoise is celebrated not only for its striking color but also for the beliefs and symbolism associated with it. This article delves into the history, geological origins, gemological properties, and cultural significance of this remarkable gem, drawing upon available historical and gemological information.
History and Lore
The story of turquoise stretches back to antiquity, with evidence of its use dating as far back as 4000 BC in Egypt. Archaeological discoveries reveal that turquoise adorned the pharaohs and rulers of ancient Egypt, signifying its importance in their culture. Simultaneously, turquoise was highly valued in Persia (modern-day Iran), becoming a significant trade commodity. By the 13th century, turquoise had reached Europe through Turkish trade routes, earning it the name “pierre tourques” or “Turkish stone” in French.
Throughout history, turquoise has been imbued with protective qualities. Medieval Europeans believed wearing turquoise would prevent falls, particularly from horses, and safeguard against disaster, with the stone said to fracture as a warning of impending danger. In Hindu traditions, viewing turquoise after a new moon was thought to bring immense wealth.
Native American cultures, particularly the Apache, Pueblo, and Hopi tribes, held deep spiritual connections to turquoise. The Apache believed turquoise could be found at the end of a rainbow and that incorporating it into weaponry would enhance accuracy. The Pueblo attributed the gem’s blue hue to the sky itself, while the Hopi believed lizards created turquoise as they moved across the earth. Turquoise played a vital role in their ceremonies and adornments, representing health, protection, and connection to the natural world. The gem continues to be a staple in Native American jewelry.
Even in more recent history, turquoise has been associated with royalty and romance. It featured prominently in the funerary mask of King Tut and was incorporated into a celebrated amethyst and turquoise necklace created by Cartier for Wallis Simpson, Duchess of Windsor. In European tradition, gifting a turquoise ring symbolized a promise of remembrance – “forget me not.” In Tibet, turquoise is considered a national treasure, believed to bestow health, good fortune, and protection from evil.
Geological Formation and Sources
Turquoise is a secondary mineral, meaning it forms from the alteration of existing minerals. Specifically, it arises from the weathering of copper-rich rocks in arid regions. Rainwater dissolves copper from the rock, and when combined with aluminum, phosphorus, and water, it forms colorful nodular deposits. The presence of iron and chromium contributes to the greenish hues sometimes observed in turquoise.
Historically, Persia (Iran) was the primary source of high-quality, intensely blue turquoise, often referred to as “Persian blue,” “robin’s egg blue,” or “sky blue.” The Nishapur district of Iran has been mined for turquoise for over a thousand years. The Sinai Peninsula in Egypt also served as an important historical source.
Today, the United States is the world’s largest supplier of turquoise. Significant deposits are found in Nevada, New Mexico, California, and Colorado, with Arizona leading in both production value and quality. The turquoise found in the southwestern United States often contains remnants of the host rock, known as matrix, which appears as dark webs or patches within the stone. While matrix can sometimes lower a stone’s value, the distinctive “spiderweb” pattern found in Southwestern turquoise is highly sought after for its unique aesthetic.
Gemological Properties
Turquoise is a semi-translucent to opaque gem exhibiting a range of colors from blue to green. The intensity of the blue or green hue is influenced by the presence of copper and iron, respectively. Turquoise does not possess the brilliance or fire of many other gemstones.
The color variations within turquoise are notable: bright blue-green represents the classic turquoise color, while green to yellowish-green variations occur depending on the mineral composition. Brown or black spots and streaks, resulting from the matrix, frequently run through the stone, creating unique patterns. These patterns are considered an integral part of turquoise’s character and appeal.
While specific data regarding hardness, refractive index, and chemical formula are not provided in the available sources, it is understood that turquoise is relatively soft and requires careful handling.
| Property | Description |
|---|---|
| Transparency | Semi-translucent to opaque |
| Color | Blue to green, often with matrix patterns |
| Luster | Waxy to subvitreous |
| Origin | Secondary mineral, arid regions |
Symbolism and Metaphysical Beliefs
Throughout history, turquoise has been associated with a wide range of symbolic meanings and metaphysical properties. It is widely regarded as a stone of protection, believed to ward off negative energy and safeguard the wearer from harm. Turquoise is also linked to prosperity, love, and good fortune.
Those interested in gemstone healing properties often wear turquoise to boost positive energy, promote feelings of happiness and contentment, encourage honesty in relationships, and enhance spiritual awareness. It is believed to impart peace to those who wear it.
Care and Cleaning
Due to its relatively soft nature, turquoise requires careful handling and cleaning. Specific details regarding cleaning methods are not provided in the sources, but it is reasonable to assume that harsh chemicals and abrasive cleaners should be avoided. Gentle cleaning with a soft cloth and mild soapy water is likely the most appropriate method.
Conclusion
Turquoise stands as a testament to the enduring allure of gemstones and their profound connection to human history and culture. From its ancient origins in Egypt and Persia to its cherished place in Native American traditions, turquoise has captivated civilizations for millennia. Its distinctive color, coupled with the beliefs and symbolism associated with it, continues to make it a highly valued and sought-after gem. As a December birthstone, turquoise offers a unique and meaningful connection to the past, present, and future.