Tourmaline is a remarkably versatile gemstone, celebrated for its extraordinary range of colors and its designation as one of the birthstones for October. Historically often mistaken for other gems, tourmaline has emerged as a distinct and highly prized mineral, embodying both beauty and a strong sense of personal connection for those who wear it. This article will explore the history, geological origins, gemological properties, symbolism, and care of this captivating gemstone.
History and Lore
The story of tourmaline is one of evolving recognition. For centuries, its vibrant hues led to frequent misidentification with other gemstones. Red tourmaline, for example, was often believed to be ruby, as evidenced by the famous “Caesar’s Ruby” in the Russian crown jewels, which is, in fact, a rubellite tourmaline. Similarly, green tourmaline was sometimes confused with emerald, particularly during the 1500s when Spanish conquistadors discovered it in Brazil. It wasn’t until the 19th century that tourmaline was formally recognized as a unique mineral species.
The name “tourmaline” itself originates from the Singhalese words “tura mali,” meaning “stone with mixed colors,” a fitting description given the gem’s propensity to display multiple tones within a single crystal. Ancient Egyptians attributed the gemstone’s diverse colors to its long journey from the earth’s core, believing it traveled over a rainbow along the way. In 1952, the American National Retail Jeweler’s Association (later Jewelers of America) officially added tourmaline to the list of October birthstones, solidifying its place in modern gemological tradition. It is also traditionally given to celebrate the eighth wedding anniversary, symbolizing enduring love and strength.
Geological Formation and Sources
Tourmaline is a crystalline boron silicate mineral, formed through a complex combination of elements including iron, magnesium, and potassium. The gem is found in a variety of geological settings, with Brazil being the most prominent source, particularly the Minas Gerais region. The late 1980s saw the discovery of exceptionally vibrant green, blue, and violet tourmalines in the Paraíba State of Brazil, their striking colors attributed to the presence of copper.
These highly sought-after “Paraíba” tourmalines have also been found in Mozambique and Nigeria. Historically, the United States has also been a source of fine tourmaline, with notable locations including Mount Mica in Maine and the Himalaya Mine in California. These American mines supplied high-quality specimens, even to prominent figures like Empress Dowager Cixi of China. While less active today, these locations continue to contribute to the global supply of tourmaline. Other mining locations include Afghanistan, Pakistan, Kenya, and Madagascar.
Gemological Properties
Tourmaline’s defining characteristic is its incredible color range. It is available in virtually every hue, making it the most colorful of all gemstones. Specific varieties are known by distinct names based on their color:
- Rubellite: Vivid red and pink hues.
- Paraíba: Intense green and blue colors, highly prized for their vibrancy.
- Indicolite: Cool shades of blue.
- Verdelite: Natural green tones.
- Dravite: Rich yellow to brown colors.
- Schorl: Black tourmaline, often used in wellness jewelry.
- Watermelon: Displays both bright green and pink colors within a single stone.
- Chrome Tourmaline: Deep green, resembling emerald.
- Cat Eye Tourmaline: Exhibits a unique sheen.
- Bi-Color and Tri-Color: Features combinations of two or more colors.
Tourmaline typically rates between 7 and 7.5 on the Mohs scale of hardness, making it suitable for everyday wear in jewelry such as necklaces, earrings, and rings. While generally stable, tourmaline can be damaged by heat. Some tourmaline gems exhibit a unique property: they can become electrically charged when warmed and attract lightweight particles.
| Property | Description |
|---|---|
| Hardness (Mohs) | 7 - 7.5 |
| Chemical Formula | Complex Boron Silicate |
| Color | Virtually every hue |
| Luster | Vitreous (glass-like) |
| Crystal System | Trigonal |
Symbolism and Metaphysical Beliefs
Throughout history and across cultures, different colors of tourmaline have been attributed with specific meanings and healing properties. Black tourmaline is believed to offer protection and instill self-confidence. Pink tourmaline is associated with love, compassion, and gentleness. Green tourmaline is thought to promote courage, strength, and stamina. The gemstone is also considered to foster strong and lasting relationships, making it a fitting gift for those celebrating their eighth wedding anniversary. Tourmaline is said to render relationships firm and long-lasting.
Care and Cleaning
Due to its hardness, tourmaline is generally suitable for everyday wear. However, it is best to avoid exposure to high heat, as this can cause damage. Cleaning tourmaline jewelry is best accomplished with warm, soapy water and a soft brush. Ultrasonic and steam cleaners are not recommended, as they may harm the gemstone. Regular cleaning will help maintain the brilliance and beauty of tourmaline jewelry.
Conclusion
Tourmaline, with its captivating array of colors and rich history, stands as a testament to the beauty and complexity of the natural world. From its ancient origins and frequent misidentification to its modern status as a beloved birthstone and anniversary gem, tourmaline continues to enchant and inspire. Its versatility, durability, and symbolic significance make it a cherished gemstone for generations to come.