For centuries, spinel has been a gemstone of beauty and intrigue, often mistaken for its more famous counterparts, ruby and sapphire. Only relatively recently has this gem received the recognition it deserves, culminating in its official addition as an August birthstone in 2016. This article delves into the history, geological origins, gemological properties, and symbolism of spinel, exploring why this captivating gemstone is gaining prominence in the world of colored stones.
History and Lore
The story of spinel is inextricably linked to cases of mistaken identity. The name “spinel” originates from the Latin word spina, meaning thorn, referencing the pointed shape of its crystals. However, for a considerable period, red spinel was frequently misidentified as ruby, and blue spinel as sapphire. This confusion stemmed from their similar appearances and the fact that they were often found in the same mines.
Numerous historically significant gems, once believed to be rubies, have since been identified as spinel. Perhaps the most famous example is the approximately 170-carat “Black Prince’s Ruby,” a centerpiece of the British Imperial State Crown. This stone, with a rich history dating back to Moorish and Spanish kings, was only confirmed to be a spinel in the 18th century. Similarly, the 352-carat Timur Ruby and the 398-carat Catherine the Great’s Ruby, both prominent in historical collections, are also, in fact, spinels.
This historical misidentification, while a source of confusion, adds to spinel’s allure. It highlights the challenges faced by early gemologists and underscores the gem’s inherent beauty, capable of rivaling even the most esteemed gemstones. Red spinel, along with other red gems, was historically believed to possess healing properties, acting as a remedy for blood loss and inflammatory diseases, and promoting harmony and easing anger. It is also traditionally associated with the 22nd wedding anniversary.
Geological Formation and Sources
Spinel is a mineral that forms in metamorphic and igneous rocks. It is often found in association with other gemstones, contributing to the historical confusion with ruby and sapphire, as they frequently occur in the same geological settings.
Today, spinel is sourced from a variety of locations worldwide. Major sources include Tajikistan, Myanmar, Sri Lanka, Vietnam, Tanzania, and Pakistan. Certain regions are renowned for producing spinel with particularly striking colors. For instance, Myanmar is known for its hot pink and red spinels, while Tanzania has yielded spinel in purple and blue hues. Other sources include Afghanistan, Brazil, Cambodia, Kenya, Russia, Thailand, and Vietnam. The gem’s occurrence across diverse geographical locations contributes to the variety of colors and qualities available.
Gemological Properties
Spinel boasts a hardness of 8 on the Mohs scale, making it a durable gemstone suitable for a wide range of jewelry applications, including rings intended for everyday wear. Its durability is comparable to that of topaz. Spinel exhibits a cubic crystal system, similar to garnet and diamond, and often displays twinning crystals.
The gem is notable for its brilliance and sparkle, often exceeding that of ruby due to its different optical characteristics. Unlike ruby, which is often dichroic (exhibiting different hues when viewed from different angles), spinel tends to be one consistent color throughout the stone.
Spinel occurs in a remarkable range of colors, including intense red, vibrant pink, orange, purple, violet, blue, and bluish-green. The most valued colors are bright red, cobalt blue, and vivid pink and orange. Pale lavender spinels are generally more affordable. Deep red spinels serve as excellent alternatives to rarer rubies. Spinel is stable when exposed to light and chemicals, though prolonged exposure to high heat can cause some colors to fade. It can be safely cleaned using ultrasonic and steam cleaners, although caution should be exercised if the stone contains fractures. Warm soapy water is always a safe cleaning alternative.
Here's a table summarizing key gemological properties:
| Property | Value |
|---|---|
| Hardness (Mohs) | 8.0 |
| Crystal System | Cubic |
| Refractive Index | Not specified in sources |
| Specific Gravity | Not specified in sources |
| Cleavage | Not specified in sources |
| Color | Red, Pink, Orange, Purple, Violet, Blue, Bluish-Green |
| Durability | Excellent |
Symbolism and Metaphysical Beliefs
Spinel has been referred to as a “stone of immortality,” and historically, red spinels were believed to offer protection from harm. The gem is also associated with revitalization and renewal. While specific metaphysical beliefs vary, spinel is often considered a grounding stone, promoting courage, strength, and a positive outlook.
The addition of spinel as an August birthstone provides individuals born in that month with an additional gem to choose from, potentially offering a stone that resonates more closely with their personality and preferences.
Care and Cleaning
Due to its hardness of 8 on the Mohs scale, spinel is a relatively durable gemstone. It can be cleaned using ultrasonic and steam cleaners, but caution is advised if the stone contains fractures. Warm soapy water is always a safe and effective cleaning method. Spinel is stable when exposed to light and most chemicals, but prolonged exposure to high heat may cause some colors to fade.
Conclusion
Spinel is a gemstone with a rich history, often overshadowed by its more famous look-alikes, ruby and sapphire. Its recent recognition as an August birthstone has brought renewed attention to this beautiful and durable gem. From its historical role in royal collections to its diverse range of colors and enduring symbolism, spinel offers a captivating story and a stunning addition to any gemstone collection. Its brilliance, durability, and historical significance make it a truly remarkable gem, worthy of its place among the world’s most treasured stones.