December is a unique month in the world of gemstones, distinguished by not one, but four recognized birthstones: blue topaz, turquoise, zircon, and tanzanite. Each gem possesses a distinct history, symbolism, and aesthetic appeal, offering a diverse range of choices for those born in the twelfth month of the year. This article will delve into the origins, properties, and significance of each of these December birthstones, providing a comprehensive overview for enthusiasts and those seeking to understand their allure.
A History of Choice
The tradition of associating specific gemstones with each month has ancient roots, potentially linked to the twelve gemstones adorning the Breastplate of Aaron in Biblical times. These stones were later connected to the zodiac signs and, eventually, to the months of the year. While the concept evolved over time, the practice of assigning birthstones persisted, becoming increasingly popular in modern jewelry and personal adornment. December’s selection of four birthstones reflects a more recent expansion of these traditions, offering a wider spectrum of options than many other months. Turquoise holds the distinction of being the most traditional December birthstone, with a history stretching back millennia, while tanzanite is the newest addition, discovered in Tanzania in 1967.
Turquoise: A Timeless Tradition
Turquoise has been revered for thousands of years, appearing in the jewelry and adornments of ancient civilizations across the globe, including Egypt, Persia, Afghanistan, and the Native American tribes of North America. Its striking color, ranging from robin’s egg blue to greenish-blue, made it a symbol of protection, peace, and prosperity. In some cultures, turquoise was believed to ward off evil and bring good fortune. As the traditional December birthstone, it continues to be valued for its historical significance and enduring beauty.
Blue Topaz: A Modern Favorite
Blue topaz gained prominence as a December birthstone in the 20th century, largely due to advancements in treatment methods that enhanced its blue coloration. While naturally occurring blue topaz exists, much of the material available today has been irradiated to achieve its vibrant hue. Despite this treatment, blue topaz remains a popular choice, celebrated for its brilliance, hardness, and versatility in contemporary jewelry designs. Its shades range from the delicate “sky blue” to the richer “London blue,” offering a variety of aesthetic options.
Zircon: A Sparkling Alternative
Zircon, often confused with cubic zirconia, is a naturally occurring gemstone that comes in a variety of colors, including golden, red, and clear. However, the blue variety of zircon is particularly favored as a December birthstone. Zircon possesses a high refractive index, giving it a brilliant sparkle reminiscent of diamonds. Its historical significance is noteworthy, though it is often overshadowed by the more widely recognized topaz and turquoise.
Tanzanite: A Recent Discovery
Tanzanite is the newest addition to the December birthstone family, discovered in the Merelani Hills of Tanzania in 1967. Its captivating violet-blue shimmer often draws comparisons to sapphire, and it quickly gained popularity for its elegant and luxurious appearance. Tanzanite is a relatively rare gemstone, found in only a small area of Tanzania, contributing to its value and desirability.
Gemological Properties: A Comparative Overview
Each of December’s birthstones possesses unique gemological properties that contribute to its distinct characteristics.
| Gemstone | Chemical Formula | Hardness (Mohs) | Color(s) | Refractive Index |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Blue Topaz | Al₂SiO₄(OH,F)₂ | 8 | Blue, colorless, yellow, brown | 1.609 - 1.625 |
| Turquoise | CuAl₆(PO₄)₄(OH)₈·4H₂O | 5-6 | Blue-green, sky blue, greenish-blue | 1.610 - 1.625 |
| Zircon | ZrSiO₄ | 6.5-7.5 | Blue, colorless, yellow, red, brown | 1.810 - 2.024 |
| Tanzanite | Ca₂Al₃(SiO₄)₃(OH) | 6-7 | Violet-blue, blue-violet, deep blue | 1.619 - 1.662 |
The Mohs hardness scale indicates a gemstone’s resistance to scratching. Topaz and zircon are relatively durable, while turquoise is softer and requires more careful handling. Tanzanite, while possessing good hardness, exhibits a single cleavage plane, making it susceptible to chipping if struck with sufficient force.
Symbolism and Metaphysical Beliefs
Beyond their aesthetic qualities, December’s birthstones are imbued with symbolic meanings and metaphysical beliefs. Turquoise has long been associated with protection, healing, and good fortune. Blue topaz is believed to promote communication, clarity, and emotional balance. Zircon is thought to enhance wisdom, honor, and prosperity. Tanzanite is often linked to transformation, intuition, and spiritual growth. These symbolic associations add another layer of significance for those who choose to wear these gemstones.
Care and Cleaning
Proper care is essential to maintain the beauty and longevity of December’s birthstones. Blue topaz and zircon are relatively durable and can be cleaned with warm, soapy water and a soft brush. Turquoise, being softer, requires gentler cleaning methods. Avoid harsh chemicals, ultrasonic cleaners, and prolonged exposure to sunlight. Tanzanite should also be cleaned with mild soap and water, and it is advisable to have it professionally inspected periodically to ensure the security of its setting.
Conclusion
December’s birthstones—blue topaz, turquoise, zircon, and tanzanite—offer a breathtaking array of colors, histories, and meanings. From the tranquil blues of blue topaz and zircon to the earthy elegance of turquoise and the velvety allure of tanzanite, these gemstones embody the beauty and spirit of December. Each stone has its unique charm, whether it’s the calming energy of blue topaz, the ancient protective powers of turquoise, the fiery brilliance of zircon, or the transformative symbolism of tanzanite. These birthstones are more than just beautiful—they are steeped in rich traditions and cultural significance, making them meaningful gifts for loved ones or personal treasures for those born in December. Their versatility allows them to shine in a variety of styles, from bold statement pieces to delicate everyday jewelry.