Sapphire, a gemstone steeped in history and symbolism, holds the distinction of being the birthstone for September. Revered for its captivating hues, particularly its classic blue, sapphire has adorned royalty, inspired legends, and been prized for its durability and beauty for millennia. This article delves into the geological origins, historical significance, gemological properties, and cultural lore surrounding this remarkable gem, drawing exclusively from available sources.
History and Lore
The association of sapphire with September is deeply rooted in tradition, tracing back to ancient civilizations. The name “sapphire” itself originates from the Greek word “sappheiros,” reflecting the gem’s long-standing recognition. Ancient Greeks and Romans believed the blue sapphire offered protection from harm and envy, a testament to its perceived power. Within the elite circles of these empires, sapphire was not merely an adornment but a safeguard.
Medieval Europeans continued to ascribe healing properties to the September birthstone, believing it could cure plague boils and alleviate eye ailments. It was also considered an antidote to poison, highlighting the gem’s perceived life-preserving qualities. Clergy of the Middle Ages favored sapphires, associating the gem with Heaven and utilizing it to adorn their robes, signifying spiritual devotion. Ancient Persian folklore took this reverence even further, positing that the earth rested upon a colossal sapphire, responsible for the sky’s azure hue.
The historical connection between sapphire and royalty extends beyond mere belief in its protective qualities. Sapphire has long been associated with fidelity and the soul, making it a symbol of lasting commitment and inner truth. This symbolism has cemented its place as a popular choice for engagement rings in modern times. The tradition of associating gemstones with months evolved from earlier practices, potentially originating with the twelve gemstones set in the Breastplate of Aaron, as described in the Book of Exodus, and later connected to the zodiac by the historian Josephus. Initially, individuals would own all twelve stones, wearing the one corresponding to the current month, believing it held amplified power during that period.
Geological Formation and Sources
Sapphire is a variety of corundum, an aluminum oxide with the chemical formula Al2O3. Its crystalline structure is hexagonal, possessing four axes, three of equal length intersecting at 60-degree angles, and one of differing length intersecting at a right angle. While most commonly recognized for its blue coloration, sapphire actually encompasses a spectrum of colors, including pink, yellow, orange, green, peach, and violet. The rare pink-orange variety, known as Padparadscha, is particularly sought after, reminiscent of a tropical sunset.
Ruby, the red variety of corundum, is sapphire’s companion gem, sharing identical physical and optical properties except for color. In fact, corundum of any color other than red is classified as sapphire. The most prized blue sapphires, known as cornflower blue, originate from Kashmir, a mountainous region bordering northern India and Pakistan. The geographic isolation and political instability of this region, coupled with high demand, contribute to the exceptional value of Kashmir sapphires.
Gemological Properties
Sapphires are renowned for their exceptional durability, registering a 9 on the Mohs Scale of Hardness, second only to diamond. This makes them an excellent choice for everyday wear, particularly in engagement rings and other frequently worn jewelry. The Mohs Scale measures a gemstone’s resistance to scratching, and a score of 9 indicates a remarkable ability to withstand abrasion.
While color is the primary factor differentiating sapphire varieties, all other gemological properties remain consistent with ruby. The intensity and purity of the blue hue significantly impact a sapphire’s value, with cornflower blue sapphires commanding the highest prices.
Symbolism and Metaphysical Beliefs
Throughout history, sapphire has been imbued with profound symbolism. Beyond its association with royalty, fidelity, and the soul, sapphire is believed to illuminate the mind with wisdom, spiritual insight, and mental clarity. It is thought to provide personal motivation and assurance, fostering a sense of inner strength and purpose. Ancient medicine even prescribed sapphires for ailments of the eyes, though this practice is not supported by modern science.
The September birthstone is often seen as a symbol of sincerity, truth, and faithfulness, reinforcing its popularity in commitment jewelry. Its celestial association further enhances its symbolic weight, representing a connection to the heavens and a pursuit of higher knowledge.
Care and Cleaning
Due to its exceptional hardness, sapphire is a relatively easy gemstone to care for. It can be cleaned using warm, soapy water and a soft brush. Avoid harsh chemicals or abrasive cleaners, as these could potentially damage the stone’s surface. Ultrasonic cleaners are generally safe for sapphires, but caution should be exercised with stones that have been fracture-filled or treated, as these treatments can be affected by the cleaning process. Regular cleaning will help maintain the sapphire’s brilliance and luster, ensuring its beauty endures for generations.
Modern and Traditional Birthstone Lists
The modern birthstone chart lists sapphire as the birthstone for September, a designation that remains consistent with traditional lists. However, the evolution of birthstone lists has seen the addition of alternative gems. Spinel and citrine are recent additions to the modern chart, offering additional options for those seeking a September birthstone. In the United States, individuals often draw from both traditional and modern lists, selecting the stone that resonates most with them. Traditional alternatives, like turquoise, may be chosen for their affordability or availability.
Popularity and Market Trends
Sapphire consistently ranks among the most popular birthstones. Data indicates that sapphire accounts for approximately 8.67% of birthstone-related searches and purchases. While peridot (August) is the most common birthstone overall, appearing most frequently in birth data across many states, sapphire holds the distinction of being the most common birthstone in Hawaii. Ruby (July) is the most common in eleven states, while sapphire and emerald (May) each represent the most common birthstone in a single state.
Conclusion
Sapphire, the celestial birthstone of September, embodies a rich tapestry of history, symbolism, and geological wonder. From its ancient origins as a protective amulet to its modern role as a symbol of enduring love and commitment, sapphire continues to captivate and inspire. Its exceptional durability, coupled with its stunning array of colors, ensures its enduring appeal for generations to come. The September birthstone remains a testament to the enduring power and beauty of the natural world.