August boasts not one, but three recognized birthstones: peridot, spinel, and sardonyx. While sardonyx holds historical significance as the oldest of the three, and peridot has long been favored, spinel has recently gained prominence as an official August birthstone, joining the ranks in 2016. This article will delve into the history, geological origins, gemological properties, and symbolism of peridot and spinel, the modern birthstones for those born in August.
History and Lore
The history of both peridot and spinel is rich with tales of mistaken identity and royal adornment. Peridot, often referred to as the “gem of the sun,” has a history stretching back millennia. Ancient Egyptians prized peridot, believing it possessed healing powers and associating it with the sun. It is believed to have been a favorite gem of Queen Cleopatra VII, though some historians suggest her famed “emeralds” were, in fact, peridot. The gem was sourced from the Red Sea island of Topazios, which ironically, did not produce topaz but rather this vibrant green stone. This led to historical confusion, with peridot often being misidentified as topaz.
Spinel’s history is equally fascinating, marked by its long-standing misidentification as ruby. For centuries, vibrant red spinels were mistaken for rubies, adorning the crown jewels of various empires. These “balas rubies,” as they were known, were highly sought after by royalty. It wasn’t until the late 18th century, with advancements in gemological technology, that spinel was definitively recognized as a distinct mineral. The American Gem Trade Association (AGTA) and Jewelers of America (JA) officially recognized spinel as an August birthstone in 2016, acknowledging its historical significance and growing popularity. This addition marked only the third update to the modern birthstone list since its creation in 1912.
Geological Formation and Sources
Peridot is formed in the Earth’s upper mantle and brought to the surface by volcanic activity. It is found in volcanic lava and, remarkably, even in fallen meteorites – specifically, Pallasite Meteorites. While meteorite-sourced peridot is often too small for jewelry, larger, gem-quality stones are commonly found in terrestrial volcanic settings. Significant sources of peridot include Egypt, where it was first discovered, as well as Hawaii, where it holds cultural importance as the “tears of Pele,” the volcanic goddess. More recently, Vietnamese peridot has become popular for its varied shades of green, and Myanmar (Burma) is known for producing large, richly colored peridot specimens.
Spinel forms in metamorphic rocks and alluvial deposits. It is found in a variety of geological settings, often alongside other gemstones like ruby and sapphire. While historically sourced alongside rubies, leading to its misidentification, spinel is now mined in locations such as Sri Lanka, Myanmar, Vietnam, and Tajikistan. The gem occurs in a range of colors, including red, pink, blue, purple, and green, with red spinel being particularly prized.
Gemological Properties
Peridot’s chemical formula is (Mg,Fe)2SiO4, indicating it is primarily composed of olivine, magnesium, and iron. The amount of iron present dictates the intensity of its green color. Peridot typically exhibits a light green to yellow-green hue, though more intense shades are considered more valuable. It is known as the “evening emerald” due to its ability to sparkle under both natural and artificial light.
Spinel, a magnesium aluminum oxide with the formula MgAl2O4, boasts a remarkable range of colors. While red spinel is often compared to ruby, it possesses a single refraction, unlike ruby’s double refraction, a key distinction for gemologists. Spinel comes in various colors, including rubicelle (yellow-orange), almandine (purple), sapphirine (blue), and chlorospinel (green).
The following table summarizes key gemological properties:
| Property | Peridot | Spinel |
|---|---|---|
| Chemical Formula | (Mg,Fe)2SiO4 | MgAl2O4 |
| Color | Light to Yellow-Green | Red, Pink, Blue, Purple, Green |
| Hardness (Mohs) | 6.5 - 7 | 8 |
| Luster | Vitreous | Vitreous |
| Crystal System | Orthorhombic | Isometric |
Symbolism and Metaphysical Beliefs
Peridot is associated with good health, peace, and harmony. It is often called the “gem of compassion” and believed to bring renewal and make “all things new.” Metaphysical beliefs attribute calming properties to peridot, suggesting it can alleviate anger and even cure depression. It is also considered a stone for restful sleep and is traditionally gifted to couples celebrating their 15th wedding anniversary.
Spinel is believed to possess refreshing properties, renewing energy and fostering perseverance. It is thought to encourage humility in victory and provide strength during challenging times. Different colors of spinel are associated with specific meanings; red spinel, like carnelian and other blood-colored stones, is linked to the heart and passion.
Care and Cleaning
Both peridot and spinel require careful handling to maintain their brilliance. Peridot, with a Mohs hardness of 6.5-7, is relatively soft and susceptible to scratches. It should be stored separately from harder gemstones to prevent damage. Cleaning peridot can be done with warm, soapy water and a soft brush. Avoid ultrasonic cleaners and harsh chemicals.
Spinel, with a hardness of 8, is more durable than peridot and less prone to scratching. However, it still requires gentle care. Cleaning spinel can also be done with warm, soapy water and a soft brush. Ultrasonic cleaners can be used with caution.
Conclusion
Peridot and spinel, the modern birthstones for August, offer a captivating blend of history, beauty, and symbolism. From their ancient origins and tales of mistaken identity to their unique gemological properties and metaphysical beliefs, these gemstones continue to fascinate and inspire. Whether chosen for their aesthetic appeal, their historical significance, or their perceived healing properties, peridot and spinel are truly remarkable gems worthy of celebration.