For those born in August, or those seeking a gift for an August-born individual, a trio of gemstones – peridot, spinel, and sardonyx – serve as birthstones. However, peridot stands out as the most widely recognized and historically significant of the three, a vibrant green gem with a legacy stretching back millennia. Often associated with light, cosmic power, and ancient solar deities, peridot’s unique origins, ranging from volcanic lava to fallen meteorites, contribute to its enduring allure. This article will delve into the history, geological formation, gemological properties, symbolism, and care of this captivating August birthstone.
History and Lore
Peridot boasts a rich and often convoluted history, frequently mistaken for other gemstones throughout the ages. Ancient Egyptians revered peridot, referring to it as “The Gem of the Sun,” recognizing its rarity and brilliance. This association with the sun likely stemmed from the gem’s vibrant green color, reminiscent of sunlight filtering through foliage. Ancient Egyptians utilized peridot in jewelry and ornamental objects, believing it possessed protective qualities.
Throughout history, peridot was often confused with emerald and topaz. The Red Sea island of Topazios, from which the name “topaz” is derived, was actually a significant source of peridot. Some historians even speculate that Cleopatra’s famed emerald collection may have largely consisted of peridot, a claim supported by the fact that the island’s primary gem production was, in fact, peridot.
In medieval times, peridot was worn for inspiration and foresight, and was believed to ward off enchantment. Pliny the Elder, a Roman author and naturalist, also referenced the gem, further cementing its place in historical accounts. More recently, in 2016, spinel was added as an alternative August birthstone by the Jewelers of America and the American Gem Trade Association, a relatively modern addition to the traditional list which previously included sardonyx and peridot.
Geological Formation and Sources
Peridot is a gem variety of the mineral olivine, a silicate compound of magnesium and iron. Its formation occurs under extreme conditions, primarily within the Earth’s mantle. This makes peridot relatively rare, as bringing these mantle-formed gems to the surface requires specific geological events.
The most common formation process involves volcanic activity. Peridot is often found in hardened lava, carried upwards from the Earth’s depths during volcanic eruptions. A particularly notable source is found in the United States, specifically in Arizona, within the San Carlos Apache Indian Reserve. Apache families historically mined peridot from this location for decades.
However, peridot’s origins aren’t solely terrestrial. Remarkably, peridot can also be found within pallasites, a rare type of meteorite containing peridot crystals embedded in an iron-nickel matrix. This extraterrestrial origin contributes to the gem’s association with cosmic power and light. The original source of “topaz” referenced by ancient Greeks was the island of Zabargad (formerly Topazios) in the Red Sea, which yielded peridot rather than the November birthstone.
Gemological Properties
Peridot is characterized by its distinctive olive-green hue, though color variations range from yellowish-green to brownish-green. The most desirable peridot stones exhibit a vibrant lime green or olive-green color. Unlike many gemstones, peridot is typically found in only one color – green. It possesses a slightly oily or greasy luster, contributing to its unique appearance.
Here's a summary of key gemological properties:
| Property | Description |
|---|---|
| Mineral | Olivine |
| Chemical Formula | (Mg, Fe)₂SiO₄ |
| Color | Yellowish-green to brownish-green |
| Luster | Vitreous (glassy), slightly oily |
| Hardness (Mohs) | 6.5 - 7 |
| Crystal System | Orthorhombic |
| Transparency | Transparent to translucent |
Peridot’s hardness of 6.5 to 7 on the Mohs scale indicates it is relatively durable, but still susceptible to scratches and damage from harder materials. Spinel, another August birthstone, is harder, registering an 8 on the Mohs scale. This difference in hardness should be considered when choosing jewelry and determining appropriate care.
Symbolism and Metaphysical Beliefs
Throughout history, peridot has been imbued with various symbolic meanings. Ancient Egyptians believed it held protective powers, while Romans associated it with warding off evil spirits. Medieval cultures attributed inspirational and foresight-enhancing qualities to the gem.
More modern beliefs suggest peridot yields a wearer’s influence and power. It is often associated with prosperity, good health, and emotional balance. The gem’s vibrant green color is also linked to renewal, growth, and harmony with nature.
Peridot is traditionally given as a gift to celebrate a 16th wedding anniversary, symbolizing enduring love and commitment. Its association with light and positivity makes it a meaningful gift for various occasions.
Care and Cleaning
Due to its hardness of 6.5-7 on the Mohs scale, peridot requires careful handling and cleaning. While relatively durable, it can be scratched by harder materials. It is advisable to remove peridot jewelry before engaging in strenuous activities or when exposed to harsh chemicals.
Cleaning peridot jewelry is best achieved with warm, soapy water and a soft brush. Avoid ultrasonic cleaners and harsh chemicals, as these can damage the gem. Rinse thoroughly with clean water and dry with a soft cloth. Regular cleaning will help maintain peridot’s brilliance and luster. Storing peridot jewelry separately from harder gemstones will prevent scratches and preserve its beauty.
Conclusion
Peridot, with its captivating green hue and fascinating history, remains a cherished gemstone. From its ancient origins as “The Gem of the Sun” to its modern status as a vibrant August birthstone, peridot continues to captivate and inspire. Its unique formation, ranging from volcanic depths to extraterrestrial origins, adds to its mystique. Whether admired for its beauty, appreciated for its symbolism, or cherished as a personal talisman, peridot’s enduring appeal ensures its place as a significant gem in the world of gemstones.