December is unique among the calendar months, boasting not one, but four recognized birthstones: turquoise, blue zircon, tanzanite, and blue topaz. This diverse selection offers a spectrum of blues and a rich tapestry of history and lore, reflecting the evolving traditions surrounding birthstones and the desires of jewelry consumers. While turquoise historically held the sole designation for December, the addition of zircon, tanzanite, and later, blue topaz, broadened the options available to those born in the twelfth month.
A History of Changing Traditions
The tradition of associating specific gemstones with each month has evolved over time. Initially, turquoise reigned as the singular December birthstone, a position it held as late as 1912 according to the National Association of Jewelers. This ancient gemstone, cherished for millennia by cultures across the globe, possessed a long-standing reputation for protection and good fortune. However, as the jewelry industry developed and consumer preferences shifted, the desire for greater variety led to the inclusion of other gemstones. Blue zircon was added mid-century to provide a sparkling alternative to the opaque beauty of turquoise. The discovery of tanzanite in 1967 and its subsequent recognition by the Gemological Institute of America (GIA) in 2002 further expanded the December birthstone family. Finally, blue topaz joined the list in 2016, offering an affordable and durable option for those seeking a December birthstone.
Turquoise: An Ancient Legacy
Turquoise, a semi-translucent to opaque gem, exhibits a captivating range of colors from blue to green, often adorned with veins of matrix – remnants of the host rock in which it formed. Its history is deeply interwoven with ancient civilizations. The pharaohs of ancient Egypt prized turquoise, incorporating it into their adornments, while Chinese artisans skillfully carved the stone over 3,000 years ago. Beyond its aesthetic appeal, turquoise was believed to possess potent protective qualities. From the 13th century onward, it was thought to safeguard wearers from falls, particularly while riding horses, and to warn of impending disaster by fracturing into pieces. In Hindu mysticism, beholding turquoise after a new moon was believed to ensure great wealth.
Blue Zircon: A Sparkling Alternative
Blue zircon offers a brilliant alternative to turquoise, providing the sparkle that some desired. While less extensively detailed in the provided sources, zircon is noted for its ability to display a rainbow of colors. It was added to the December birthstone list to satisfy consumer demand for a more dazzling gemstone option. Daily wear can dull the facets of zircon, but a professional re-polish can restore its original brilliance.
Tanzanite: A Recent Discovery
Tanzanite, a relatively recent addition to the gemstone world, was first discovered in Tanzania in 1967. This captivating gem displays a beautiful blue-violet hue and is associated with several metaphysical properties. Some believe tanzanite can activate the throat, third-eye, and crown chakras, enhancing psychic abilities and facilitating communication with higher realms. It is also linked to healing, protection, and self-transformation. Uniquely, tanzanite is found in only one location worldwide: the Merelani Hills of Tanzania, due to the specific vanadium-rich rock chemistry present in that region.
Blue Topaz: An Affordable and Durable Choice
Blue topaz, assigned as a December birthstone in 2002, is a silicate mineral containing aluminum and fluorine. It possesses a glass-like luster and a fine cleavage, making it somewhat delicate and brittle. Different shades of blue topaz exist, including the popular London Blue Topaz, a deep sapphire-like hue inspired by a large stone exhibited at the UK Natural History Museum. The color of blue topaz is stable and unlikely to fade with exposure to ultraviolet light, though very pale stones might experience slight lightening after prolonged exposure.
Gemological Properties and Care
While detailed gemological data is limited within the provided sources, some properties can be summarized. Blue topaz is known for its relative fragility due to its cleavage. Zircon can become cloudy with abrasion, requiring periodic polishing. Turquoise, depending on its treatment, may require specific care to maintain its color and integrity. Stabilized turquoise, treated with clear resin to enhance durability, is not considered “fake,” but sellers are expected to disclose this treatment. Tanzanite’s color can be altered by direct flame or soldering heat, necessitating its removal during jewelry repairs.
Here's a table summarizing key characteristics:
| Gemstone | Color(s) | Durability | Notable Features |
|---|---|---|---|
| Turquoise | Blue to Green | Moderate | Often contains matrix; ancient significance |
| Blue Zircon | Rainbow, primarily Blue | Moderate | Sparkling; can become cloudy with wear |
| Tanzanite | Blue-Violet | Moderate | Rare; found only in Tanzania |
| Blue Topaz | Various shades of Blue | Moderate | Relatively affordable; stable color |
Symbolism and Metaphysical Beliefs
Each December birthstone carries its own unique symbolism. Turquoise is associated with protection, good fortune, and healing. Zircon is believed to promote wisdom and prosperity. Tanzanite is linked to spiritual awareness and transformation. Blue topaz symbolizes honesty, clarity, and loyalty. These symbolic meanings, rooted in history and folklore, contribute to the enduring appeal of these gemstones.
Purchasing Considerations
The variety of December birthstones allows for a wide range of price points and styles. Blue topaz generally offers a more affordable option, while tanzanite, due to its rarity, tends to be more expensive. When purchasing turquoise, it’s important to be aware of potential treatments, such as dyeing or stabilization, and to ensure that any treatments are disclosed by the seller. A simple test for dye involves touching an acetone-damp cotton swab to the stone; dye will stain the swab, while natural turquoise will not.
Sources
Conclusion
The December birthstones – turquoise, blue zircon, tanzanite, and blue topaz – represent a fascinating blend of history, geology, and cultural significance. From the ancient legacy of turquoise to the recent discovery of tanzanite, each gemstone offers a unique story and a captivating beauty. The evolution of the December birthstone list reflects the changing preferences of consumers and the enduring allure of these vibrant gems. The breadth of options ensures that anyone born in December can find a birthstone that resonates with their personal style and beliefs.